The Terrestrial Cosmic Ray Flux: Its Importance for Climate

Ram, Michael; Stolz, Michael; Tinsley, Brian A.

doi:10.1029/2009eo440001

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…How the soft and hard ice layers may appear remains a conjecture. A quite cyclic dust concentration preserving the well‐known solar activity periods (11 and 22 yr) is measured for example in the GISP2 ice cores (Ram et al 2009). The soft ice layers may appear when strata with high microscopic inclusions (the ‘cloudy bands') rearrange under favourable temperature and stress conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Observation of low shear wave velocity at the base of the polar ice sheets: evidence for enhanced anisotropy

Wittlinger¹,

Farra²

2012

Geophysical Journal International

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SUMMARY We analyse seismic data from the broad‐band stations located on the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets to determine the large‐scale seismic parameters of the polar ice sheets. The P‐to‐S converted waves at the ice/rock interface and inside the ice sheets and their multiples (the P receiver functions) are used to estimate the in situ P velocity Vp and the P‐to‐S velocity ratio Vp/Vs of the polar ice. The thickness of the whole ice layer is precisely known either from radio echo soundings or from ice core drillings allowing thus an accurate determination of Vp and Vp/Vs. At some places in and near the Wilkes Basin, a sedimentary layer is probably squeezed between the ice and the bedrock. We find that the polar ice caps have a two‐layer structure, the upper layer of variable thickness about 2/3 of the total thickness with velocities very close to the ice standard values and the lower layer preserving a standard Vp but with about 25 per cent smaller shear wave velocity and a more or less constant thickness. The shear‐velocity drop in the lower layer may be the evidence of a strong anisotropy induced by preferred orientation of ice crystals and by fine layering of soft and hard ice layers. A large variation of ice viscosity with depth is therefore expected and heterogeneous flowing of the polar ice sheet. This heterogeneous flowing may invalidate the use at great depth of the ice dating models based on monotonic layer thinning.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Observation of low shear wave velocity at the base of the polar ice sheets: evidence for enhanced anisotropy

Wittlinger¹,

Farra²

2012

Geophysical Journal International

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“…It is generally argued that, because relative changes in total solar irradiance (TSI) are less that 10 −3 , variations in solar activity cannot have a significant influence on climate in the troposphere [e.g., Foukal et al , 2006; Ram et al , 2009]. This argument does not hold in the present case: solar activity can affect the radiative equilibrium of the troposphere in an indirect way, which cannot be simply deduced from the magnitude of TSI variations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar forcing of the semi‐annual variation of length‐of‐day

Mouël

Blanter²,

Shnirman³

et al. 2010

Geophysical Research Letters

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[1] We study the evolution of the amplitude A of the semiannual variation of the length-of-day (lod) from 1962 to 2009. We show that A is strongly modulated (up to 30%) by the 11-yr cycle monitored by the sunspot number WN. A and WN are anticorrelated, WN leading A by 1-yr. A is therefore directly correlated with galactic cosmic ray intensity. The main part of the semi-annual variation in lod is due to the variation in mean zonal winds. We conclude that variations in mean zonal winds are modulated by the solar activity cycle through variations in irradiance, solar wind or cosmic ray intensity. Citation: Le Mouël, J.-L., E. Blanter, M. Shnirman, and V. Courtillot (2010), Solar forcing of the semi-annual variation of length-of-day, Geophys. Res. Lett.,

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“…The above listed components are the sources of emission of magnetized plasma and thus associated with the shielding of the earth from cosmic rays and the suggested, but not yet quantifiable, process of cloud formation (Kristjansson et al, 2004;Usoskin et al, 2004a;Svensmark et al, 2009;Ram et al, 2009, but cf. also the negative result by Sloan and Wolfendale (2008), Pierce and Adams (2009), Kulmala et al (2009) and the indecisive results of Erlykin et al (2009b).…”

Section: The Solar Origins Of Terrestrial Temperature Variationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying and specifying the solar influence on terrestrial surface temperature

Jager

Duhau

Geel

2010

Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics

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This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues.Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. b s t r a c tThis investigation is a follow-up of a paper in which we showed that both major magnetic components of the solar dynamo, viz. the toroidal and the poloidal ones, are correlated with average terrestrial surface temperatures. Here, we quantify, improve and specify that result and search for their causes. We studied seven recent temperature files. They were smoothed in order to eliminate the Schwabe-type (11 years) variations. While the total temperature gradient over the period of investigation (1610-1970) is 0.087 1C/century; a gradient of 0.077 1C/century is correlated with the equatorial (toroidal) magnetic field component. Half of it is explained by the increase of the Total Solar Irradiance over the period of investigation, while the other half is due to feedback by evaporated water vapour. A yet unexplained gradient of À 0.040 1C/century is correlated with the polar (poloidal) magnetic field. The residual temperature increase over that period, not correlated with solar variability, is 0.051 1C/century. It is ascribed to climatologic forcings and internal modes of variation.We used these results to study present terrestrial surface warming. By subtracting the above-mentioned components from the observed temperatures we found a residual excess of 0.311 in 1999, this being the triangularly weighted residual over the period 1990-2008. We show that solar forcing of the ground temperature associated with significant feedback is a regularly occurring feature, by describing some well observed events during the Holocene.

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The Terrestrial Cosmic Ray Flux: Its Importance for Climate

Cited by 9 publications

References 15 publications

Observation of low shear wave velocity at the base of the polar ice sheets: evidence for enhanced anisotropy

Observation of low shear wave velocity at the base of the polar ice sheets: evidence for enhanced anisotropy

Solar forcing of the semi‐annual variation of length‐of‐day

Quantifying and specifying the solar influence on terrestrial surface temperature

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