“…Because these individuals typically go unmeasured, the results will be upwardly biased towards inferences of less decline in the population than is actually true. Findings of decline across a range of cognitive abilities associated with time to death provide evidence for "terminal decline" or "terminal drop" (for reviews see Berg, 1987Berg, , 1996Siegler, 1975;Small & Bäckman, 1999;Bosworth & Siegler, 2002). Of the longitudinal studies that have evaluated this hypothesis, significant findings have typically included spans between measurement occasions of less than 3 years (e.g., Deeg, Hofman, & van Zonneveld, 1990;Johansson & Berg, 1989;Smits, Deeg, Kriegsman, & Schmand, 1999).…”