The Ten-Year Risk Prediction for Cardiovascular Disease for Malaysian Adults Using the Laboratory-Based and Office-Based (Globorisk) Prediction Model

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Globorisk is a well-validated risk prediction model that predicts cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the national population of all countries. We aim to apply the Globorisk calculator and provide the overall, sex-specific, ethnic-specific, region-specific, and state-specific 10-year risk for CVD among Malaysian adults. Materials and Methods: Using Malaysia’s risk factor levels and CVD event rates, we calculated the laboratory-based and office-based risk scores to predict the 10-year risk for fatal CVD and fatal plus non-fatal CVD for the Malaysian adult population. We analysed data from 8253 participants from the 2015 nationwide Malaysian National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS 2015). The average risk for the 10-year fatal and fatal plus non-fatal CVD was calculated, and participants were further grouped into four categories: low risk (<10% risk for CVD), high risk A (≥10%), high risk B (≥20%), and high risk C (≥30%). Results: Results were reported for all participants and were then stratified by sex, ethnicity, region, and state. The average risks for laboratory-based fatal CVD, laboratory-based fatal plus non-fatal CVD, and office-based fatal plus non-fatal CVD were 0.07 (SD = 0.10), 0.14 (SD = 0.12), and 0.11 (SD = 0.09), respectively. Conclusions: There were substantial differences in terms of the sex-, ethnicity- and state-specific Globorisk risk scores obtained.

Laboratory-based and office-based Globorisk scores to predict 10-year risk of cardiovascular diseases among Iranians: results from the Fasa PERSIAN cohort

“…The risk of moderate to high was 17.8% for the laboratory-based model and 17.6% for office-based model. Another study from Malaysia showed that the risk score ≥ 20% was higher than our study indicating that high risk groups in women and men were 7.9% and 19%, respectively [ 9 ]. One of the reasons for the difference between Iran and Malaysia’s risk scores is related to the nature of Globorisk CVD risk score.…”

“…Rezaei and et al by using WHO risk model showed that the non-laboratory-based risk prediction model classifies individuals almost identically to the laboratory-based model [ 18 ]. The results of a study showed that BMI is a good proxy blood sugar, and serum cholesterol [ 9 , 10 ], which could replace these variables in settings where cost may be more prohibitive for using the laboratory-based model.…”

“…Recently, Globorisk was developed and depicted different models for each country. The Globorisk calculator for CVD risk that has been developed for 182 countries may be an important tool for the primary prevention of CVD globally [ 9 ]. Globorisk has two risk calculators including office-based and laboratory-based risk calculator for prediction of 10-year risk of CVD.…”

“…In the office-based Globorisk CVD risk score, diabetes and total cholesterol are replaced with BMI as BMI is known as a proxy for raised blood sugar and serum cholesterol [ 9 , 10 ]. SBP of participants was measured twice using a mercury sphygmomanometer after resting then their average was recorded in mmHg.…”

“…Globorisk was invented for estimation of CVD risk score in 2015 [ 6 ]. Globorisk is one of the newly developed CVD risk score calculators which uses a country-specific model as compared to others and predicts the risk of heart attack or stroke in healthy people (those who have not yet had a heart attack or stroke) across countries [ 9 ]. Previously, CVD risk assessment instruments were based on data from high-income countries.…”