The temporal integration of information during anticipation

Runswick, Oliver R.; Roca, André; Williams, A. Mark; McRobert, Allistair P.; North, Jamie S.

doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.05.001

Cited by 43 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…This finding supported our prediction and is in line with much of the literature investigating both kinematic (Abernethy, 1990;Müller et al, 2009) and contextual information sources in anticipation (McRobert et al, 2011;Murphy et al, 2016). As predicted, based on the findings of Runswick et al (2018a;2018b), there was also a significant interaction between congruence and skill level. The skilled group anticipated more accurately than the less-skilled group when information was congruent with event outcome and less accurately than the less-skilled group when it was not.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…An explanation for why the significant decline in anticipation performance is so dramatic is drawn from confirmation bias, suggesting that once a decision is formed, new information that supports the original decision is prioritised (Pines et al, 2006). Runswick et al (2018b) had skilled and less-skilled cricket batters make anticipatory judgements at different occlusion points and collected self-reported scores to analyse the use of different sources of information at varying time points in the anticipation process. The skilled performers could make significantly more accurate anticipatory judgements than their less-skilled counterparts at the earliest occlusion point and relied more heavily on contextual information.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the present study, an occlusion point immediately prior to ball release and different types of bowler were chosen in order to investigate whether up-to-date kinematic information from the bowler's body is affected by confirmation bias. Runswick et al (2018b) recently reported that when 80ms of ball flight information was available to skilled cricket batters, prioritisation of information began to switch from contextual information to that arising from the bowler and ball flight. It is therefore possible that skilled batters would be able to rapidly correct responses formulated from the use of incongruent context.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, the use of visual information, such as advanced postural cues (i.e., kinematic or biological motion information) from the movements of an opponent, has been shown to underpin skilled anticipation (Mann, Williams, Ward, & Janelle, 2007). Second, the use of contextual information, in visual or non-visual form, such as the score in the game or the positions of fielders, has been shown to contribute to anticipation judgements (Paull & Glencross, 1997;Runswick et al, 2018a;Runswick, Roca, Williams, McRobert, & North, 2018b). However, while empirical evidence is reported to support the involvement of both sources of information, few researchers have examined how these two sources of information interact during anticipation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Runswick et al (2018a) replicated these findings while adding information about the game situation and field placement and showed, using verbal reports, that skilled performers were better able to make use of contextual information to aid anticipation. Similarly, Runswick et al (2018b) occluded footage at different time points and reported that skilled cricketers could make more accurate judgements based solely on the context available prior to the presence of any kinematic information. In these studies, performers could build on already established probabilities based on the context presented in order to make more accurate predictions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Why do bad balls get wickets? The role of congruent and incongruent information in anticipation

Runswick

Roca

Williams

et al. 2018

Journal of Sports Sciences

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Skilled anticipation is underpinned by the use of kinematic and contextual information. However, few researchers have examined what happens when contextual information suggests an outcome that is different from the event that follows. We aimed to bridge this gap by manipulating the relationship between contextual information and final ball location in a cricket-batting task. We predicted that when contextual information is congruent with the eventual outcome then anticipation would be facilitated. In contrast, when contextual information is incongruent, this would lead to a confirmation bias on kinematic information and result in decreased anticipation accuracy. We expected this effect to be larger in skilled performers who are more able to utilise context. Skilled and less-skilled cricket batters anticipated deliveries presented using a temporally occluded video-based task. We created conditions whereby contextual information and event outcome were either congruent or incongruent. There was a significant skill by condition interaction (p < 0.05). The skilled group anticipated significantly more accurately than the less-skilled group on the congruent trials. Both groups anticipated less accurately on incongruent trials, with the skilled participants being more negatively affected. Skilled performers prioritise contextual information and confirmation bias affects the use of kinematic information available later in the action.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Why do bad balls get wickets? The role of congruent and incongruent information in anticipation

Runswick

Roca

Williams

et al. 2018

Journal of Sports Sciences

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The role of creativity in expertise and skilled action

Ivy

2022

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Perhaps a part of what makes expertise so inspiring to the curious researcher is the possibility of appropriating the structural components of skilled action to draw a roadmap towards their achievement that anyone might be able to follow. Accordingly, the purpose of this essay is to shed light upon the role that creativity plays in the production and environment of skilled action to that foregoing end. In doing so, I suggest that the lessons to be learned from recent empirical research on creativity has much to offer to the cognitive science of skill and expertise. Experts are able to bring their intelligence to bear in controlling fast and seemingly automatic actions by utilizing a form of control often called 'intelligent automaticity.' In this spirit, I argue that the environment of intelligently automatic action control curates a similarly ideal environment for the processes of creativity. Moreover, insofar as creativity is ideally operative within the environment of expert action control, I argue further that creativity functions as one representative form of 'intelligence' embedded within otherwise fluid, and automatic expert actions. Creativity is able to do so even without conscious representation through the powers of incubated cognition.

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An Active Inference Account of Skilled Anticipation in Sport: Using Computational Models to Formalise Theory and Generate New Hypotheses

et al. 2022

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Optimal performance in time-constrained and dynamically changing environments depends on making reliable predictions about future outcomes. In sporting tasks, performers have been found to employ multiple information sources to maximise the accuracy of their predictions, but questions remain about how different information sources are weighted and integrated to guide anticipation. In this paper, we outline how predictive processing approaches, and active inference in particular, provide a unifying account of perception and action that explains many of the prominent findings in the sports anticipation literature. Active inference proposes that perception and action are underpinned by the organism’s need to remain within certain stable states. To this end, decision making approximates Bayesian inference and actions are used to minimise future prediction errors during brain–body–environment interactions. Using a series of Bayesian neurocomputational models based on a partially observable Markov process, we demonstrate that key findings from the literature can be recreated from the first principles of active inference. In doing so, we formulate a number of novel and empirically falsifiable hypotheses about human anticipation capabilities that could guide future investigations in the field.

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The temporal integration of information during anticipation

Cited by 43 publications

References 31 publications

Why do bad balls get wickets? The role of congruent and incongruent information in anticipation

Why do bad balls get wickets? The role of congruent and incongruent information in anticipation

The role of creativity in expertise and skilled action

An Active Inference Account of Skilled Anticipation in Sport: Using Computational Models to Formalise Theory and Generate New Hypotheses

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