The temporal evolution of pedogenic Fe–smectite to Fe–kaolin via interstratified kaolin–smectite in a moist tropical soil chronosequence

Ryan, Peter C.; Huertas, F. Javier

doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.03.010

Cited by 93 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(130 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Potentially, the kaolinite in the basalt pedon may be formed via the progression from smectite to smectite-kaolin to dominantly kaolinite through dissolution and progressive desilication of smectite-kaolin intergrades, coupled with dehydration and collapse of any proto-halloysite formed in intermediate stages (Delvaux et al, 1990;Ryan and Huertas, 2009;Vingiani et al, 2004). However, no evidence of smectite or smectite-intergrades was observed in this study.…”

Section: Phyllosilicate Mineralogycontrasting

confidence: 53%

Soil genesis and mineralogy across a volcanic lithosequence

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Lithology is a principle state factor of soil formation, interacting with climate, organisms, topography and time to define pedogenesis. A lithosequence of extrusive igneous lithologies (rhyolite obsidian, dacite, andesite and basalt) was identified in the Clear Lake Volcanic Field in the Coast Range of northern California to determine the effects of lithology on pedogenesis, clay mineralogy and soil physiochemical properties. Based on regional landscape erosion rates (0.2-0.5 mm yr −1 ), the soil residence times for the investigated pedons (~150 cm deep) were of the order of 3000 to 7500 years indicating that the soils developed under the relatively stable Holocene mesic/xeric climate regime. Soils from all lithologies developed to a similar Xeralf taxonomy with remarkably consistent physiochemical properties. Although total (Fe t ) and dithionite-citrate extractable (Fe d ) iron concentrations diverged across lithologies, the degree of weathering as assessed by the Fe d /Fe t ratio was similar across the lithosequence. In spite of large differences in silica content of the parent materials, the clay mineralogical assemblage of all lithologies was dominated by kaolin minerals (kaolinite and/or halloysite). All pedons displayed an increase in halloysite and the degree of halloysite hydration with increasing depth, except the basalt pedon, which was dominated by kaolinite with only trace halloysite. We attribute this lack of halloysite in the basalt pedon to the lower silica activities associated with this silica-poor lithology. There was a lack of nanocrystalline minerals across all lithologies as inferred from selective dissolution. The dominance of crystalline materials is a function of the xeric soil moisture regime whereby summer soil profile desiccation promotes dehydration and crystallization of metastable nanocrystalline precursors. Further, the pronounced summer dry period results in dehydration of halloysite (1.0 nm) to halloysite (0.7 nm; also referred to as meta halloysite in some literature), together with transformation to kaolinite, in the upper soil profile. In spite of the relatively young soil residence times of these soils (Holocene age), the effects of lithology persisted only in differences in Fe oxide concentrations (Fe d ), as well as a lack of significant halloysite in basalt pedons. The overwhelming effect of climate in these highly weatherable parent materials narrowed the trajectory of pedogenesis, resulting in soils from contrasting lithologies converging on kaolin mineralogy, a lack of nanocrystalline constituents, and similar soil physiochemical properties.

show abstract

Section: Phyllosilicate Mineralogycontrasting

confidence: 53%

Soil genesis and mineralogy across a volcanic lithosequence

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Heating to 550 °C resulted in the definition of a broad reflection at a mean position around 1.050 nm, indicating smectites with interlayered hydroxyl-Al polymers (SIHP). A similar conclusion was drawn by Ryan and Huertas (2009) for soils with smectites in Costa Rica. The semi-quantification of the minerals suggested that SIHP correspond to approximately 15 % and the reflection in the position of plane 001 of "kaolinite" to 85 % of the clay minerals (determined from the relation between areas of the minerals shown in table 4).…”

Section: Toposequencesupporting

confidence: 84%

“…The complete dilution of the reflections between 1.00 and 1.40 nm in the K-treated samples heated to 350 °C in P2, combined with the incomplete shrinkage of the layers by heating to 550 °C, both in P2 and in P3, indicates that the expandable 2:1-layer phyllosilicates have interlayered hydroxy-Al polymers (Barnhisel and Bertsch, 1989), which means that they are probably SIHP, as interpreted based on studies of Ryan & Huertas (2009). However, the amount of Al polymers in the P3 sample appears to be smaller, since the reflection is better defined and has a mean value at a position closer to 1.005 nm.…”

Section: Rev Bras Cienc Solo 2018;42:e0170086mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…These characteristics indicate the presence of interstratified minerals, possibly kaolinite-smectite (K-S) type, associated or not with kaolinites, according to Środoń (2006) and Ryan and Huertas (2009). However, ethylene glycol impregnation, and/or heat treatments generally used to identify their presence (Ryan and Huertas, 2009) induced no modification in the reflection patterns at this position, indicating that the interlayer space of the expandable portion of the interstratification may be blocked with hydroxy-Al polymers (Delvaux et al, 1990;Bühmann and Grubb, 1991). Thus, with the XRD tools alone, the type and proportion at which these interstratified minerals occur in the soil samples could not be identified.…”

Section: Toposequencementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Clay Mineralogy of Basaltic Hillsides Soils in the Western State of Santa Catarina

Almeida

Corrêa

Schmitt

2018

Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ABSTRACT:A commonly accepted concept holds that highly fertile, shallow soils are predominant in the Basaltic Hillsides of Santa Catarina State, in southern Brazil, but their agricultural use is restricted, either by excessive stoniness, low effective depth or steep slopes. Information about soil properties and distribution along the slopes in this region is, however, scarce, especially regarding genesis and clay fraction mineralogy. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil properties of 12 profiles distributed in three toposequences (T) of the Basaltic Hillsides in the State of Santa Catarina, two located in the valley of the Peixe River (Luzerna -T1 and Ipira -T2) and one in Descanso, in the far West of the state (T3). The main focus was the mineralogical composition of the clay fraction, identified by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and its relations with the soil chemical properties. The morphological, chemical, and mineralogical properties of the soils of the toposequences differed from each other. In most soils, the position of the most intense XRD reflections indicated predominance of kaolinite (K) however, for being broad and asymmetric, a participation of interstratified kaolinite-smectite (K-S) was assumed. Soils of T2 and T3, located in regions with higher temperatures, lower water surplus, and lower altitude than those of T1, were more fertile, mostly redder, and contained higher proportions of smectites (S) and interstratified K-S mineral, accounting for a higher activity of the clay fraction of most soils. The T1 soils were generally less fertile, with lower clay activity and, aside from kaolinite, contained smectites with interlayered hydroxy-Al polymers (HIS). The low estimated smectite contents of the most fertile soils of all toposequences disagree with the high values of cation exchange capacity (CEC) and clay activity related to pure kaolinite soils. The broad and asymmetric reflections of most of the supposed kaolinites identified as dominant minerals indicate the presence of K-S interlayers, most likely contributing to raise the CEC of the soils.

show abstract

“…Amouric and Olives (1998) provided HRTEM evidence for the occurrence of such a transformation mechanism, though they also observed kaolinite layers intercalated between two smectite layers as if the TO layer was crystallizing in the interlayer space of smectite. Ryan and Huertas (2009) also found the mechanism of tetrahedra stripping, as well as a combination of (1) inclusion of Alhydroxide in the interlayer, and (2) tetrahedral inversion. Their study of pedogenic Fe-rich K-S from a moist tropical climate includes a variety of analytical techniques which produced results in agreement with those of Dudek et al (2006Dudek et al ( , 2007, Cuadros and Dudek (2006), and Cuadros and Wing-Dudek (2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Cámaraite, Ba₃NaTi₄(Fe²⁺,Mn)₈(Si₂O₇)₄O₄(OH,F)₇. II. The crystal structure and crystal chemistry of a new group-II Ti-disilicate mineral

Cámara¹,

Sokolova²,

Nieto³

2009

Mineral. mag.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract-The mechanism for the kaolinization of smectite is extremely complex. The purpose of this study was to explore this mechanism by providing more microscopic information about kaolinite-smectite (K-S) intermediate phases. Crystal-chemical changes were investigated and integrated in a model of the transformation mechanism. Eight K-S samples from three localities, derived from volcanic ash beds, were studied using transmission and analytical electron microscopy (TEM, AEM) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM). The study completes a previous investigation, using several analytical techniques. The samples cover the range of K-S composition available from the previously studied sample set. Analysis by TEM indicated the preservation of particle morphology throughout the process. Most K-S particles had anhedral, smectite-like morphology, and only the most kaolinitic specimen revealed the coexistence of anhedral and euhedral, hexagonal particles. Analytical electron microscopy showed large chemical variations within samples, corresponding to various degrees of smectite kaolinization. Comparison of chemical results (Si/Al) and d 060 values (proxy for octahedral composition) with the extent of kaolinization from thermogravimetry (TG) indicates that chemical changes in the octahedral sheet occur mainly when the proportion of kaolinite is 40À70%. The results above are consistent with kaolinization occurring via layerby-layer transformation through the progressive loss of individual tetrahedral sheets in smectite layers and subsequent chemical changes in the octahedral sheet. Such a mechanism would produce the results observed in this study: (1) most particles preserve their original morphology; (2) significant variation in terms of the extent of transformation of particles within samples, and (3) formation of crystal structures intermediate between those of smectite and kaolinite, with parts of the tetrahedral sheets missing (kaolinite-like patches). Such structures become least stable at kaolinite~50%, when the perimeter of the kaolinite-like patches is largest and chemical changes in the octahedral sheet can occur more easily. Kaolinite layers could not be resolved by HRTEM in most cases and showed lattice fringes corresponding to superstructures. A model was established to quantify kaolinite and smectite layers in the HRTEM images with results which matched TG-derived values.

show abstract

The temporal evolution of pedogenic Fe–smectite to Fe–kaolin via interstratified kaolin–smectite in a moist tropical soil chronosequence

Cited by 93 publications

References 59 publications

Soil genesis and mineralogy across a volcanic lithosequence

Soil genesis and mineralogy across a volcanic lithosequence

Clay Mineralogy of Basaltic Hillsides Soils in the Western State of Santa Catarina

Cámaraite, Ba₃NaTi₄(Fe²⁺,Mn)₈(Si₂O₇)₄O₄(OH,F)₇. II. The crystal structure and crystal chemistry of a new group-II Ti-disilicate mineral

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

The temporal evolution of pedogenic Fe–smectite to Fe–kaolin via interstratified kaolin–smectite in a moist tropical soil chronosequence

Cited by 93 publications

References 59 publications

Soil genesis and mineralogy across a volcanic lithosequence

Soil genesis and mineralogy across a volcanic lithosequence

Clay Mineralogy of Basaltic Hillsides Soils in the Western State of Santa Catarina

Cámaraite, Ba3NaTi4(Fe2+,Mn)8(Si2O7)4O4(OH,F)7. II. The crystal structure and crystal chemistry of a new group-II Ti-disilicate mineral

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Cámaraite, Ba₃NaTi₄(Fe²⁺,Mn)₈(Si₂O₇)₄O₄(OH,F)₇. II. The crystal structure and crystal chemistry of a new group-II Ti-disilicate mineral