Numerous externalizing behaviors, from aggression to risk-taking to drug abuse, stem from impaired cognitive control, including that brought about by the acute effects of alcohol. Although research generally indicates that alcohol impairs cognitive abilities, a close examination of the literature suggests that alcohol's effects are quite variable and likely depend on a number of contextual factors. The purpose of the current study was to characterize the effects of alcohol on cognitive control in terms of neural and behavioral responses to successful and unsuccessful control attempts. Participants were randomly assigned to consume an alcohol (0.80 g/kg ETOH), placebo, or non-alcoholic control beverage prior to completing a cognitive control (flanker) task while event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded. Alcohol reduced the amplitude of the error-related negativity (ERN) on error trials and increased the post-error compatibility effect in response time. Of particular interest, neural indices of conflict monitoring (N2) and performance adjustment (frontal slow wave) were attenuated by alcohol, but only on trials following errors. These functions had recovered, however, by two trials after an error. These findings suggest that alcohol's effects on cognitive control are best characterized as impaired (or delayed) recovery following control failures. Implications of these findings for understanding alcohol's effects on behavioral under-control are discussed. Keywords alcohol; cognitive control; ERPs; post-error adjustment; externalizing Alcohol is commonly understood to impair cognitive functioning (see Curtin & Lang, 2007;Giancola, 2000;Sayette, 1999), which has been posited as a major source of the drug's deleterious effects on externalizing behaviors, including increased aggression (Giancola, 2004;Giancola, Josephs, De Wall, & Gunn, 2009;Godlaski & Giancola, 2009), greater risktaking (Cherpitel, 2006;Fromme, Katz, & D'Amico, 1997;George, Rogers, & Duka, 2005), and engagement in injurious behaviors (MacDonald, Zanna, & Fong, 1996, 1995. Despite this theory and research, a close examination of the literature indicates that alcohol's effects on cognition are not uniform. In particular, whereas cognitive processes believed to unfold in a relatively obligatory or automatic fashion seem largely immune to alcohol's effects (see Bartholow, Dickter, & Sestir, 2006;Fillmore, Vogel-Sprott, & Gavrilescu, 1999;Grattan & Vogel-Sprott, 2001), alcohol seems to especially impair cognitive control (e.g., Bartholow et al., 2006;Casbon, Curtin, Lang, & Patrick, 2003;Curtin & Fairchild, 2003;Fillmore et al., 1999;Pihl, Paylan, Gentes-Hawn, & Hoaken, 2003), a set of higher-order processes important for pursuing goal-directed action (Alexander & Brown, 2010;Carter & van Veen, 2007;Miller & Cohen, 2001). But cognitive control itself is not a single or a simpleCorrespondence concerning this manuscript should be directed to Kira Bailey (baileyki@missouri.edu) or Bruce D. Bartholow (bartholowb@missouri.edu). Sarah A. Lust ...