The Temperature of the Air in Contact With the Skin

McGlone, B.; Bazett, H. C.

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1927.82.2.452

Cited by 16 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The skin has a boundary layer of air that mitigates the temperature difference directly adjacent to its surface. This difference under warm-hot conditions (relatively still air, ambient temperature of 28–29°C) may be <0.5°C for air within 1 mm, and <1°C for air up to 6 mm from the skin surface (McGlone and Bazett, 1927 ). In cooler conditions or with forced air convection (e.g., wind or body movements), this gradient increases and the temperature difference can become appreciable within the height of commonly used T skin sensors and their attachments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin Temperature Measurement Using Contact Thermometry: A Systematic Review of Setup Variables and Their Effects on Measured Values

et al. 2018

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Background: Skin temperature (Tskin) is commonly measured using Tskin sensors affixed directly to the skin surface, although the influence of setup variables on the measured outcome requires clarification.Objectives: The two distinct objectives of this systematic review were (1) to examine measurements from contact Tskin sensors considering equilibrium temperature and temperature disturbance, sensor attachments, pressure, environmental temperature, and sensor type, and (2) to characterise the contact Tskin sensors used, conditions of use, and subsequent reporting in studies investigating sports, exercise, and other physical activity.Data sources and study selection: For the measurement comparison objective, Ovid Medline and Scopus were used (1960 to July 2016) and studies comparing contact Tskin sensor measurements in vivo or using appropriate physical models were included. For the survey of use, Ovid Medline was used (2011 to July 2016) and studies using contact temperature sensors for the measurement of human Tskin in vivo during sport, exercise, and other physical activity were included.Study appraisal and synthesis methods: For measurement comparisons, assessments of risk of bias were made according to an adapted version of the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool. Comparisons of temperature measurements were expressed, where possible, as mean difference and 95% limits of agreement (LoA). Meta-analyses were not performed due to the lack of a common reference condition. For the survey of use, extracted information was summarised in text and tabular form.Results: For measurement comparisons, 21 studies were included. Results from these studies indicated minor (<0.5°C) to practically meaningful (>0.5°C) measurement bias within the subgroups of attachment type, applied pressure, environmental conditions, and sensor type. The 95% LoA were often within 1.0°C for in vivo studies and 0.5°C for physical models. For the survey of use, 172 studies were included. Details about Tskin sensor setup were often poorly reported and, from those reporting setup information, it was evident that setups widely varied in terms of type of sensors, attachments, and locations used.Conclusions: Setup variables and conditions of use can influence the measured temperature from contact Tskin sensors and thus key setup variables need to be appropriately considered and consistently reported.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin Temperature Measurement Using Contact Thermometry: A Systematic Review of Setup Variables and Their Effects on Measured Values

et al. 2018

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“…The electrical connections were as described in these papers. The precautions against parasitic currents described by McGlone and Bazett (9) were taken. The temperature changes were determined by galvanometer deflection from two or three D'Ar son va 1 galvanometers (Leeds and Northrup, type 2500 A) which recorded simultaneously on photographic paper travelling 3 to 5 mm.…”

Section: Methods Employedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After-sensations of both cold and warmth were recorded; their relation to changes of temperature is discussed. 9. The data do not warrant discussion of the mode of stimulation of the end-organs at present; more exact information of the anatomical structures concerned is necessary.…”

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confidence: 89%

The temperatures in the tissues which accompany temperature sensations

Bazett¹,

McGlone²,

Brocklehurst³

1930

The Journal of Physiology

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“…He attributes the lower results of a number of other observers to the fact that the thermocouple is not well enough protected from the influence of room air to prevent the registration of a temperature intermediate between that of the skin and that of the air. McGlone and Bazett ( 16) have, in a very thorough manner, shown that a large error from this source is, however, unlikely since in still room air at about 21.50 C. the IO temperature of air within 1 mm. of the surface is less than 1.00 C. below that of the skin; and within 0.5 mm., less than 0.20 C. below.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fever in heart failure. Relations between the temperatures of the interior and the surface of the body

1934

American Heart Journal

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Fever has for a long time been observed to be a very frequent symptom during heart failure. Often the elevation of temperature is associated with infectious processes, often with non-infectious ones as, for example, infarction of various organs, cerebral hemorrhage or hyperthyroidism. Many times meticulous search fails, however, to bring to light any of these conditions. It has then been generally assumed that one of the more familiar processes is present but has escaped detection. In lungs already the seat of chronic passive congestion bronchopneumonia might easily remain undiscovered.Fever during the course of heart failure has remained inexplicable so frequently that several observers have developed hypotheses to account for its occurrence. Cohn and Steele (1) reviewed these briefly and supported with clinical evidence the idea that heart failure itself may lead to the elevation of rectal temperature. The evidence consists in having related in point of time the appearance of the signs of heart failure with the appearance of fever when no recognized causes of fever are discoverable.It is a venerable observation that people with " poor circulation " have cold hands and feet while the extremities of patients with infectious diseases possessing presumably normal circulations are hot. This important difference suggests the desirability of studying the relations between the temperature of the surface and that of the interior of the body. Changes in the conditions of the environment undoubtedly influence this relation and must therefore be kept under control or, in any event, carefully recorded. Calorimetry did not appear to be the best method to employ in this study since the problem concerns not a discrepancy between heat produced and heat lost but the mechanism by which thermal equilibrium is maintained or established within the body under conditions which differ from those encountered in normal individuals.Knowledge of the variations in temperature of the surface in conse-869

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The Temperature of the Air in Contact With the Skin

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Skin Temperature Measurement Using Contact Thermometry: A Systematic Review of Setup Variables and Their Effects on Measured Values

Skin Temperature Measurement Using Contact Thermometry: A Systematic Review of Setup Variables and Their Effects on Measured Values

The temperatures in the tissues which accompany temperature sensations

Fever in heart failure. Relations between the temperatures of the interior and the surface of the body

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