The temperature distribution in a simulated garnet Czochralski melt

Czochralski growth of oxides

“…Given the success of the earlier fluid flow simulations, numerous authors [42][43][44][45] simulated the flow that resulted in the rapid interface melt back and transition from a conical to flat interface with the general conclusion that such interface transitions were the result of going from natural convection to forced convection under the region of the rotating crystal interface.…”

Numerical studies of wave pattern in an oxide melt in the Czochralski crystal growth

“…In the early 1970s, Takagi et al [1], Whiffin et al [2] and Brandle [3] reported the so-called spoke patterns and wave patterns seen on the free surface in some oxide melts. Concerning the spoke patterns, many efforts have been made to reveal the mechanism [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Miller and Pernell [4,5] performed some experiments by using water as a simulated garnet melt and deduced that the thermocapillary instability could be an indispensable factor in forming the spoke patterns.…”

“…Concerning the spoke patterns, many efforts have been made to reveal the mechanism [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Miller and Pernell [4,5] performed some experiments by using water as a simulated garnet melt and deduced that the thermocapillary instability could be an indispensable factor in forming the spoke patterns. This inference was supported by Hurle [6], Shigematsu et al [7], Morita et al [8] and Jing et al [9][10][11][12][13].…”

Effects of shape of an inner crucible on convection of lithium niobate melt in a double-crucible Czochralski process using the accelerated crucible rotation technique

“…The temperature along the interface was fixed to its melting point. The effect of thermo-capillary force was taken into account in this study because a spoke pattern, which is based on thermo-capillary force, has been observed in both experimental studies and numerical studies [24][25][26][27]. The crystal was rotated clockwise at a constant rate as shown in Fig.…”