The Temperature and Ionic Strength Dependence of the Solubility Product Constant of Ferrous Phosphonate

Friedfeld, Stephen; He, Shiliang; Tomson, Mason B.

doi:10.1021/la971293l

Cited by 46 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…As listed in Table 5, 5 ppm of ATMP or PAA was able to prevent the formation of calcium carbonate scale effectively in the absence of iron, even though the available active concentration of these inhibitors was limited by the formation of insoluble Ca-inhibitor complexes. Although the Fe 2+ /ATMP salts were very insoluble in brine, there was no evidence showing that ATMP and Fe 2+ may form insoluble complexes using a low dosage (less than 10 ppm) at room temperature 10 . However, Table 6 shows the dramatic reduction in performance of ATMP and PAA in the presence of 5 ppm Fe 2+ , which suggests that the formation of soluble Fe-inhibitor complexes is a predominant factor in the observed reduction of performance under these conditions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Scale Inhibitors in Marcellus Waters Containing High Levels of Dissolved Iron

Dong¹,

Shcolnik²,

Steiner³

et al. 2011

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The Marcellus waters of Pennsylvania and West Virginia commonly contain elevated levels of calcium, barium, and iron. Theoretical analyses of these waters indicate a propensity toward the formation of calcium carbonate, barium sulfate, strontium sulfate, and iron-related scales. The high level of dissolved iron commonly present in the water adversely affects the ability of the scale inhibitor to inhibit calcium carbonate scale. In this study, the inhibition performance of two new chemicals and some commercial products was evaluated under static and dynamic test conditions using synthetic Marcellus waters at varying iron concentrations. It was shown that both new chemicals were able to control calcium carbonate scale effectively in the presence of dissolved iron up to 200 ppm, whereas the performance of Polycarboxylic acid, Amino Tri(methylene phosphonic) acid and Carboxymethyl Inulin dropped sharply even in the presence of small amounts of Fe 2+ (5 ppm). The inclusion of iron sequestering agents with these chemicals and the effect of iron upon calcium sulfate inhibition were also discussed in this paper. IntroductionMineral scale formation is a problem for oil and gas operations that can result in the deterioration of assets, increased lifting costs and lost production. Common mineral scales such as calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate or barium sulfate can precipitate from produced water and create blockages in perforations, production tubulars, and equipment. The most common method of scale control is the use of low concentrations of specialty chemicals (inhibitors) that catalytically prevent the precipitation of solids. These chemical inhibitors are referred to as "threshold" inhibitors because they prevent scale formation at concentrations that are typically hundreds to thousands of times less than that required with acid or chelate addition.The Marcellus formation does not produce water naturally. The composition of the water recovered during production is a function of the frac water source and the chemical reaction that occurs with the shale. This reaction takes place during the fracturing process and through contact of the frac water with the fracture face over time. The first water produced from the wells is described as flowback water and is characterized by gradually increasing TDS over time. Eventually the TDS level plateaus. Significant but variable quantities of calcium, barium, strontium and iron are present in the waters recovered from the wells. The amount of calcium present in the waters ranges from approximately10,000 to 25,000 mg/L. The barium present will range from 3,000 mg/L in West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania to 17,000 mg/L in northeastern Pennsylvania. Strontium commonly falls in the 3,000 to 6,000 mg/L range, but can run over 10,000 mg/L. Dissolved iron is present in the waters from about 50 to 300 mg/L. Theoretical analyses of these waters indicate a propensity toward the formation of calcium carbonate, barium sulfate, strontium sulfate and iron-related scales. To date, the sca...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Scale Inhibitors in Marcellus Waters Containing High Levels of Dissolved Iron

Dong¹,

Shcolnik²,

Steiner³

et al. 2011

All Days

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“…Since NTMP and DTPMP have very similar structure, they could have similar low solubilities. The dependence of solubility product of ferrous NTMP with temperature and ionic strength was reported (Friedfeld, et al 1998). Using their equation, the solubility of ferrous NTMP is calculated as Fe(II) ϭ 0.019 mg/l and NTMP ϭ 0.040 mg/L in the solution condition of this research.…”

Section: Fe(ii) Influence On Scale Inhibitor Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of FeIII/FeII on Scale Inhibition

Zhang

Dai

et al. 2016

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Little research has been done to understand how chelating agents might reverse the effect of Fe(III)/Fe(II) on scale inhibitors in oilfield conditions. Iron ions are common cations existing in oil and gas production water. Most Fe(II) ions come from dissolution of siderite in reservoir and corrosion of steel pipes. Fe(III) in solution, can be formed by Fe(II) reduction of H 2 O, dissolution of magnetite or other Fe(III) containing minerals or when produced water is exposed to air. Both Fe(II) and Fe(III) can cause severe problems in production. Fe(II) can form FeS and FeCO 3 scale. Fe(III) can precipitate as ferric hydroxide or with Fe(II) as magnitite particles and cause damage to formation permeability. Moreover, both Fe(II) and Fe(III) have significant detrimental effects on common scale inhibitors. One of the most popular methods for iron control is the application of chelating agents, such as EDTA, NTA or citric acid, to chelate Fe(II)/Fe(III)to prevent such detrimental effects.In this work it is shown that Fe(II) and Fe(III) can significantly impair performance of common scale inhibitors such as DTPMP, PPCA and PVS. The inhibition time of DTPMP for barite can drop more than 90% in the presence of 1 mg/L Fe(II) or Fe(III)at 70°C. In this research, a mechanistic study has been done to deduce whether EDTA and citric acid can reverse the loss of scale inhibitor performance by Fe(II)/Fe(III). We find that Fe(III) impairs scale inhibitor performance by forming iron hydroxide particles which can adsorb scale inhibitors from solution. Both EDTA and citric acid are found to be able to eliminate the negative impact of Fe(III) on scale inhibitors, but through different mechanisms. EDTA works by direct chelation of Fe(III) in solution, before a solid phase is formed; while citric acid works by competitive adsorption with scale inhibitor onto ferric hydroxide particle surfaces. The impact of EDTA and citrate on reversing Fe(II) effect on scale inhibition is also discussed.

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“…The squeeze lifetime of phosphonates can be extended by performing precipitation squeeze, in which long term inhibitor flowback with produced brine is controlled by their low solubility (Tomson 2006;Kan, et al 1994;Jordan 1995;Friedfeld, et al 1998;Frostman, et al 1998;Xiao, et al 2001;Kan, et al 2004). The other way to improve efficiency is to mix metal ions such as Mg 2+ , Zn 2+ with scale inhibitor solutions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Sorption Study of AlOOH Nanoparticle Cross-Linked Polymeric Scale Inhibitors and their Squeeze Performance in Porous Media

et al. 2013

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Polymeric scale inhibitors are widely utilized in the oil and gas field because of their enhanced thermal stability and better environmental compatibility. However, the squeeze efficiency of such threshold inhibitors, not only polymeric scale inhibitors but also phosphonates, is typically poor in conventional squeeze treatment. In this research, nanoparticle cross-linked polymeric scale inhibitors were developed for scale control. Nearly monodispersed boehmite (ɤ-AlO(OH)) nanoparticles (NPs) with average size of 2.8 nm were synthesized and used to cross-link sulphonated polycarboxylic acid (SPCA). Cross-linked AlOOH-SPCA nanoinhibitors were produced and developed to increase the retention of SPCA in formations by converting liquid phase polymeric scale inhibitors into a viscous gel. Sorption study of SPCA onto AlOOH NPs under different pHs with and without assistance of Ca 2+ was discussed. In addition, sorption study of various types of scale inhibitors (SPCA, PPCA and DTPMP) onto AlOOH NPs was also performed. Squeeze simulation of neat 3% SPCA, AlOOH(3%)-SPCA(3%) NPs and AlOOH(3%)-SPCA(3%)-Ca NPs were investigated. The results showed that the addition of Ca 2+ ions improve the squeeze performance of SPCA and the normalized squeeze life of such material (8,952 bbl/Kg) was improved more than 60 times compared to that of SPCA alone (152 bbl/Kg).

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The Temperature and Ionic Strength Dependence of the Solubility Product Constant of Ferrous Phosphonate

Cited by 46 publications

References 15 publications

Evaluation of Scale Inhibitors in Marcellus Waters Containing High Levels of Dissolved Iron

Evaluation of Scale Inhibitors in Marcellus Waters Containing High Levels of Dissolved Iron

Impact of FeIII/FeII on Scale Inhibition

Synthesis and Sorption Study of AlOOH Nanoparticle Cross-Linked Polymeric Scale Inhibitors and their Squeeze Performance in Porous Media

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