The technology of tin smelting in the Rooiberg Valley, Limpopo Province, South Africa, ca. 1650–1850 CE

Chirikure, Shadreck; Heimann, Robert B.; Killick, David

doi:10.1016/j.jas.2010.01.026

Cited by 36 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…The absence of Cu indicates that it was not a co-smelting or cementation process widely identified at bronze casting sites Tin ores were more likely smelted directly to produce metallic tin. No evidence for tin recycling in the furnace/crucible lining found in our samples [18]. The high content of calcium oxide could be related to the abundance of calcium minerals such as fluoride in the gangue which could provide a rather reasonable basicity, but without Sn-W-Fe metal phase found in the slags, the mild thermal circumstances under 1200 °C [19] could be the major factor affecting the heterogeneous distributions of the slag matrix.…”

Section: Fig 6 Sem-eds Micrographs Of Oresmentioning

confidence: 61%

Primary research on the bronze technology of Lower Xiajiadian Culture in northeastern China

Wang

et al. 2019

Herit Sci

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The site of Habaqila is located in the area between Inner Mongolia and Liaoning provinces and dated to the 13th-11th centuries BC. It was identified as a metal production workshop of the Lower Xiajiadian Culture and revealed abundant metallurgical remains, including ore fragments, slags, technical ceramics, and stone implements. Scientific analyses demonstrated that polymetallic ores were smelted to produce tin bronze and arsenical copper. Perforated furnaces might have been employed in this process. The site also revealed the first known field evidence of tin smelting in a Bronze Age site of northern China. Systematic investigation of this site increases our understanding of metallurgical processes of Bronze Age culture in northern China.

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Section: Fig 6 Sem-eds Micrographs Of Oresmentioning

confidence: 61%

Primary research on the bronze technology of Lower Xiajiadian Culture in northeastern China

Wang

et al. 2019

Herit Sci

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“…And although the authors also report the presence of ultra-high-temperature mineral phases and geochemical enrichments in melts that often are used to distinguish impact glasses from those produced by volcanoes, lightning, and pyrometamorphism, these criteria have little meaning in the context of archeological debris where our ancestors had access to ceramic and smelting technologies. Much of the melt glass presented in their study is closely associated with pottery; many specimens are pieces of remelted ceramics like one might find in spoils and dumps; and many examples they provide to demonstrate ultra-high temperatures, such as the formation of baddeleyite rims on zircon and the embayment of refractory phases by dissolution in hot melts, are well-documented in ancient slags 14 . We emphasize the importance of uniquely diagnostic criteria for confirming impact or shock events.…”

Section: The Importance Of Uniquely Diagnostic Evidence For Shock Met...mentioning

confidence: 99%

No mineralogic or geochemical evidence of impact at Tall el-Hammam, a Middle Bronze Age city in the Jordan Valley near the Dead Sea

Jaret

Harris

2022

Sci Rep

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“…Terak adalah gabungan dari beberapa senyawa oksida dan silikat. Terak pada umumnya mengandung sejumlah logam berharga yang dapat digunakan sebagai e-ISSN 2503-426X 13 sumber logam kedua [11]. Terak timah yang ada di Indonesia memiliki struktur semu (Gambar 1).…”

Section: Teoriunclassified

Penentuan Kondisi Optimum Proses Ekstraksi Uranium dan Torium dari Terak II Timah dengan Metode Pelindian Asam Sulfat dan Solvent Extraction Trioctylamine (TOA)

2019

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ABSTRAKTerak II timah merupakan produk hasil samping dari peleburan timah tahap kedua. Terak II timah ini mengandung unsur bernilai ekonomi tinggi berupa unsur radioaktif (uranium dan torium) dan logam tanah jarang (rare earth element). Unsur-unsur tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan apabila telah terpisah satu dengan lainnya. Proses pemisahan unsur radioaktif dan unsur logam tanah jarang telah dilakukan dengan metode pelindian asam sulfat. Hasil proses ini adalah endapan yang mengandung logam tanah jarang dan filtrat yang mengandung unsur radioaktif berupa uranium dan torium sulfat. Penelitian terkait pemisahan uranium dan torium hasil pengolahan terak II timah hanya sedikit dipublikasikan. Paper ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektifitas proses pemisahan uranium dan torium dengan metode solvent extraction menggunakan trioctylamine (TOA). Proses solvent extraction dilakukan dengan memvariasikan konsentrasi TOA yang digunakan, perbandingan fase aqueous dan fase organik (A/O) dan variasi waktu ekstraksi. Pada penelitian ini diperoleh kondisi optimum proses yaitu konsentrasi TOA 4%, perbandingan A/O 1 : 1, dan waktu pencampuran aqueous dan organik selama 2 menit. Pada kondisi ini uranium dan torium yang terekstrak masing-masing sebanyak 67% dan 0,84%. ABSTRACTTin slag II is a by-product of the second stage of tin smelting. The tin slag II contains high economic value elements in the form of radioactive elements (uranium and thorium) and rare earth elements. These elements can be utilized if they are separated from each other. The process of separating radioactive elements and rare earth elements has been carried out by leaching sulfuric acid method. The results of this process are residue containing rare earth elements and filtrates containing radioactive elements in the form of uranium and thorium sulfate. Research related to the separation of uranium and thorium sulfate in tin slag processing is only slightly published. This paper aims to determine the effectiveness of the uranium and thorium separating process by the solvent extraction method using trioctylamine (TOA). The solvent extraction process is carried out by varying the concentration of TOA used, comparison of the aqueous and organic phase (A/O) and variations in extraction time. In this study, the optimum conditions for the process were obtained at 4% of TOA concentration, 1 : 1 of A/O ratio, and mixing time of aqueous and organic phase for 2 minutes. In this condition, uranium and thorium which extracted were 67% and 0.84% respectively.

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The technology of tin smelting in the Rooiberg Valley, Limpopo Province, South Africa, ca. 1650–1850 CE

Cited by 36 publications

References 20 publications

Primary research on the bronze technology of Lower Xiajiadian Culture in northeastern China

Primary research on the bronze technology of Lower Xiajiadian Culture in northeastern China

No mineralogic or geochemical evidence of impact at Tall el-Hammam, a Middle Bronze Age city in the Jordan Valley near the Dead Sea

Penentuan Kondisi Optimum Proses Ekstraksi Uranium dan Torium dari Terak II Timah dengan Metode Pelindian Asam Sulfat dan Solvent Extraction Trioctylamine (TOA)

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