The technological transition to chlorine free pulp bleaching technologies: lessons for transition policies

Barriers to the adoption and diffusion of technological innovations for climate-smart agriculture in Europe: evidence from the Netherlands, France, Switzerland and Italy

“…The expense of establishing production facilities, as technology developers transform themselves into technology producers, often means that profits are hard to obtain and increase the costs of the innovative product or service (Cullen et al, 2013;Faber and Hoppe, 2013;Luthra et al, 2014); these can be expressed as 'early adopter costs ' (del Río Gonz alez, 2005), and impact both technology users as well as technology producers. Relevant factors that impact the actual and relative costs of innovations include changes to input prices (Kemp and Volpi, 2008), if perverse subsidies exist for current technologies (Weiss and Bonvillian, 2013) or the willingness of customers to pay price premiums for products or processes with a lower environmental impact (Reinstaller, 2008). Whether the adopter or wider industry has the necessary skills and capabilities to integrate and use the innovation or where the current technological stock has a long capital life (damaging the relative economic benefits of new investments in new innovations), also effect the relative cost of innovations (del Río Gonz alez, 2005; Montalvo, 2008).…”

“…As many of the technology providers included within the survey were attempting to sell young technologies still in development, these can be seen to be consistent with del Río Gonz alez (2005) and their assertion regarding 'early adopter costs' for potential users of the technological innovations. Further, the lack of consumer demand identified by potential users is also highlighted in the wider literature, by Reinstaller (2008), and their assertion that consumers will not pay a premium for products with lower environmental impacts.…”

Properties of Enzyme Pretreated Wikstroemia sikokiana and Broussonetia papyrifera Bast Fiber Pulps

“…To meet environmental and legislative requirements in the market, the pulp and paper industry is modifying delignification, bleaching, and effluent technologies to reduce the environmental impact. Thus, elimination of chlorine in the bleaching process and the application of chlorinefree bleaching processes has become increasingly important (Spiridon 2007;Reinstaller 2008;Singh et al 2011).…”

Application of Photo, Peracetic Acid, and Combination Pre-treatments in Improving Totally Chlorine-Free Bleaching Selectivity

“…Totally chlorine-free bleaching (TCF) is well recognised for its environmental compatibility; however, the application and development of TCF bleaching is restricted (Reeve and Weishar 1991;Nelson 1998;Reinstaller 2008). This is because in comparison to a conventional chlorine-based bleaching sequence, TCF bleaching has relatively low selectivity between delignification and cellulose degradation and therefore produces pulp with lower brightness and strength properties (Parthasarathy et al 1990;Leroy et al 2004 ;Ng et al 2011).…”