The Taxonomic Distribution of Chlorophyllous Spores in Ferns: An Update

Mellado‐Mansilla, Daniela; Zotz, Gerhard; Kreft, Holger; Sundue, Michael; Kessler, Michael

doi:10.1640/0002-8444-111.2.150

Cited by 3 publications

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“…Notably, they are not recognized as a separate family now because they are nested within Polypodiaceae (Schneider & al., 2004; Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007; Du & al., 2021). Primarily epiphytic ferns (Parris, 1990), Grammitidoideae are a natural group characterized in general by small size, scales usually present on rhizomes but absent from laminae, rhizome usually short‐creeping, a single vascular strand in the petiole, exindusiate sori, sporangial stalk of one row of cells, and trilete spores with chlorophyll (Ching, 1940; Wagner, 1985; Parris, 1990; Sundue, 2010a; Sundue & al., 2010; Mellado‐Mansilla & al., 2021). Grammitidoideae are a characteristic and important component of rainforests in tropical montane regions of the Old World and the New World, extending to the North Temperate Zone, not beyond 40°N and to the South Temperate Zone to 56°S.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A global phylogeny of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae) and its systematic implications

Zhou

Yang

Liang

et al. 2023

TAXON

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Grammitidoideae are the largest subfamily in Polypodiaceae and contain about 911 species. Progress has been made in understanding the overall phylogeny and generic boundaries in the light of recent molecular works. However, the majority of species, especially Asian species, and some critical type species of genera remain unsampled. In this study, a dataset of six plastid markers of 1003 (112 new) accessions representing ca. 412 species of Grammitidoideae including the type species of Ctenopterella, Grammitis, Moranopteris, Radiogrammitis, and Themelium, was assembled to infer a phylogeny. Our major results include: (1) the type species of Grammitis is successfully sequenced using a next‐generation sequencing technique and is resolved in Grammitis s.str. as expected; (2) Ctenopterella is found to be polyphyletic and a new clade consisting of C. khaoluangensis is resolved as sister to Tomophyllum; (3) the type species of Ctenopterella is resolved in a clade sister to the C. lasiostipes clade; (4) Oreogrammitis is found to be polyphyletic and three clades outside of the core Oreogrammitis are identified containing O. subevenosa and allies, O. orientalis, and O. beddomeana (+ O. cf. beddomeana); (5) Prosaptia is found to be paraphyletic with P. nutans being sister to a clade containing the rest of Prosaptia and Archigrammitis; (6) the intergeneric and major relationships within the Asia‐Pacific clade are well resolved and strongly supported except for a few branches; (7) extensive cryptic speciation is detected in the Asia‐Pacific clade; and (8) based on the polyphyly of Ctenopterella we describe three new genera, Boonkerdia, Oxygrammitis, and Rouhania, for species formerly in Ctenopterella; because the type species of Grammitis belongs to Grammitis s.str., we describe five new genera, Aenigmatogrammitis, Grammitastrum (stat. nov.), Howeogrammitis, Nanogrammitis, and Thalassogrammitis for species formerly in Grammitis s.l. A key to the 35 Old‐World genera is given, a taxonomic treatment is presented, and the morphology of all new genera is shown with either a color plate and/or a line drawing.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A global phylogeny of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae) and its systematic implications

Zhou

Yang

Liang

et al. 2023

TAXON

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“…Although achlorophyllous spores (hereafter AS) predominate, chlorophyllous spores (hereafter CS) occur in ca. 14% (~1500 species) of extant fern species and are known to occur in all species of the families Equisetaceae, Hymenophyllaceae, Onocleaceae, Osmundaceae, the grammitid group in Polypodiaceae, in some species of other polypod genera ( Aglaomorpha , Loxogramme , Platycerium , Pleopeltis , Pleurosoriopsis ), and in some species of Elaphoglossum (Dryopteridaceae), Polytaenium (Pteridaceae), Lomaria (Blechnaceae), and Lomariopsis (Lomariopsidaceae) (Lloyd and Klekowski, 1970; Sundue et al, 2011; Mellado‐Mansilla et al, 2021). Associated with the presence of chloroplasts are a lack of dormancy, short viability (on average, 48 days), and rapid germination (Lloyd and Klekowski, 1970).…”

Section: Hypothesis Prediction/methods Supportmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This time‐calibrated phylogenetic tree includes 5075 fern species and is based on six chloroplast markers ( atpB , rbcL , rps4 , rps4‐trnS IGS, trnL , trnL‐trnF IGS), 26 fossils, and three phylogenetic methods to resolve phylogenetic relationships (maximum likelihood, penalized likelihood, and relaxed‐clock model) (Testo and Sundue, 2016; Hernández‐Rojas et al, 2021). Information on spore type was obtained from a systematic bibliographic review for all extant species of the genera belonging to the class Polypodiopsida (Mellado‐Mansilla et al, 2021). The list considered studies in which the authors described the spores from direct observations or provided photographs.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The proportion of sampled species (sampling.f) by each character was calculated considering all the extant species belonging to the class Polypodiopsida excluding the aquatic families Salviniaceae and Marsileaceae, following species counts provided by Hassler (2019). Although we lack a comprehensive list of the fern species with CS, we estimated their number to be 1478 species based on the results of Mellado‐Mansilla et al (2021) (Appendix S1). Due to the uncertainty of the estimation of extinction rates using only extant species (Rabosky, 2010; Louca and Pennell, 2020; Pagel, 2020; Joly and Schoen, 2021), we constrained the extinction rates to be the same in all states.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lomariopsis (Lomariopsidaceae) (Lloyd and Klekowski, 1970;Sundue et al, 2011;Mellado-Mansilla et al, 2021). Associated with the presence of chloroplasts are a lack of dormancy, short viability (on average, 48 days), and rapid germination (Lloyd and Klekowski, 1970).…”

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The relationship between chlorophyllous spores and mycorrhizal associations in ferns: evidence from an evolutionary approach

Mellado‐Mansilla

Testo

Sundue

et al. 2022

American J of Botany

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Premise Approximately 14% of all fern species have physiologically active chlorophyllous spores that are much more short‐lived than the more common and dormant achlorophyllous spores. Most chlorophyllous‐spored species (70%) are epiphytes and account for almost 37% of all epiphytic ferns. Chlorophyllous‐spored ferns are also overrepresented among fern species in habitats with waterlogged soils, of which nearly 60% have chlorophyllous spores. Ferns in these disparate habitat types also have a low incidence of mycorrhizal associations. We therefore hypothesized that autotrophic chlorophyllous spores represent an adaptation of ferns to habitats with scarce mycorrhizal associations. Methods We evaluated the coevolution of chlorophyllous spores and mycorrhizal associations in ferns and their relation to habitat type using phylogenetic comparative methods. Results Although we did not find support for the coevolution of spore type and mycorrhizal associations, we did find that chlorophyllous spores and the absence of mycorrhizal associations have coevolved with epiphytic and waterlogged habitats. Transition rates to epiphytic and waterlogged habitats were significantly higher in species with chlorophyllous spores compared to achlorophyllous lineages. Conclusions Spore type and mycorrhizal associations appear to play important roles in the radiation of ferns into different habitat types. Future work should focus on clarifying the functional significance of these associations.

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A new record of green spore in Lomaria (Blechnaceae, Polypodiospida)

Gasper,

Machado,

Karkow

et al. 2023

Rodriguésia

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Fern spores play a vital role in dispersal. The unique features of spores, such as size, thickness, and ornamentation can aid in taxonomic decisions and division of groups. Moreover, certain species of ferns possess green spores containing chlorophyll, an uncommon feature that can reinforce the evidence of relatedness within a specific group. Lomaria spannagelii is a Neotropical species endemic to Brazil, and, even though green spores have been reported in its sister species, Lomaria nuda and Lomaria discolor, the presence of these spores has not yet been investigated in L. spannagelii. In this study, we investigated the morphology of L. spannagelii spores and sporangia, and, additionally, we determined the chromosome count of the species. Our results showed that the analyzed species has green spores, a characteristic shared with L. nuda and L. discolor, and has 2n = 64 chromosomes. This discovery provides new insights into this fern genus and emphasizes the importance of spore color and chromosome count in systematic and evolutionary studies of ferns.

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The Taxonomic Distribution of Chlorophyllous Spores in Ferns: An Update

Abstract: BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses.

Cited by 3 publications

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A global phylogeny of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae) and its systematic implications

A global phylogeny of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae) and its systematic implications

The relationship between chlorophyllous spores and mycorrhizal associations in ferns: evidence from an evolutionary approach

A new record of green spore in Lomaria (Blechnaceae, Polypodiospida)

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