The taste reactivity test. II. Mimetic responses to gustatory stimuli in chronic thalamic and chronic decerebrate rats

Grill, Harvey J.; Norgren, Ralph

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90569-3

Cited by 561 publications

(258 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Importantly for the present, the decerebrate rat shows the same discriminative responding as a function of taste quality (77). Both decerebrate and intact rats, moreover, display monotonic concentration-oral motor response functions (59,77,96). (iii) Sensitivity to postingestive inhibition.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…intact rat (e.g., quinine solution), the ingestive pattern described above is replaced by an "aversive profile" dominated by gapes and other active rejection responses (76). Importantly for the present, the decerebrate rat shows the same discriminative responding as a function of taste quality (77). Both decerebrate and intact rats, moreover, display monotonic concentration-oral motor response functions (59,77,96).…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…One development was derived from a series of experiments demonstrating that the chronically maintained decerebrate rat, with complete high mesencephalic transection, displayed coordinated behavioral responses to gustatory and visceral afferent stimuli (75,77). Whereas the hypothalamic model incorporates a behavior-integrative function, these findings show that contained within the caudal brainstem are integrative mechanisms capable of translating feeding-relevant sensory information into adaptive responses reminiscent of those obtained in the neurologically intact rat.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Neuroanatomical Axis for Control of Energy Balance

Grill

Kaplan

2002

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

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351

216

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The hypothalamic feeding-center model, articulated in the 1950s, held that the hypothalamus contains the interoceptors sensitive to blood-borne correlates of available or stored fuels as well as the integrative substrates that process metabolic and visceral afferent signals and issue commands to brainstem mechanisms for the production of ingestive behavior. A number of findings reviewed here, however, indicate that sensory and integrative functions are distributed across a central control axis that includes critical substrates in the basal forebrain as well as in the caudal brainstem. First, the interoceptors relevant to energy balance are distributed more widely than had been previously thought, with a prominent brainstem complement of leptin and insulin receptors, glucose-sensing mechanisms, and neuropeptide mediators. The physiological relevance of this multiple representation is suggested by the demonstration that similar behavioral effects can be obtained independently by stimulation of respective forebrain and brainstem subpopulations of the same receptor types (e.g., leptin, CRH, and melanocortin). The classical hypothalamic model is also challenged by the integrative achievements of the chronically maintained, supracollicular decerebrate rat. Decerebrate and neurologically intact rats show similar discriminative responses to taste stimuli and are similarly sensitive to intake-inhibitory feedback from the gut. Thus, the caudal brainstem, in neural isolation from forebrain influence, is sufficient to mediate ingestive responses to a range of visceral afferent signals. The decerebrate rat, however, does not show a hyperphagic response to food deprivation, suggesting that interactions between forebrain and brainstem are necessary for the behavioral response to systemic/ metabolic correlates of deprivation in the neurologically intact rat. At the same time, however, there is evidence suggesting that hypothalamic-neuroendocrine responses to fasting depend on pathways ascending from brainstem. Results reviewed are consistent with a distributionist (as opposed to hierarchical) model for the control of energy balance that emphasizes: (i) control mechanisms endemic to hypothalamus and brainstem that drive their unique effector systems on the basis of local interoceptive, and in the brainstem case, visceral, afferent inputs and (ii) a set of uni-and bidirectional interactions that coordinate adaptive neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses to changes in metabolic status. KEY WORDS: feeding behavior; leptin; glucose sensing; decerebrate; neuropeptide; hypothalamic model; caudal brainstem; energy balance.

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Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 56%

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Neuroanatomical Axis for Control of Energy Balance

Grill

Kaplan

2002

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

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351

216

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“…Microinjections of drugs that activate neuronal opioid, endocannabinoid, or related neurochemical receptors in these hedonic hotspots (e.g., rostral-dorsal quadrant of nucleus accumbens shell; posterior half of ventral pallidum) may double or triple the normal number of 'liking' reactions to a sucrose taste (Mahler et al 2007;Peciña and Berridge 2005;Smith and Berridge 2005;Smith et al 2008). Analogous to scattered islands that form a single archipelago, distributed hedonic hotspots form functional integrated circuits, which obey control rules that are largely hierarchical and organized into brain levels (Grill and Norgren 1978b;Peciña et al 2006). Top levels contain accumbenspallidal hotspots that function together as a cooperative heterarchy, so that, for example, enhancing 'liking' above normal by opioid stimulation may require unanimous 'votes' in favor from more than one participating hotspot in the forebrain Smith et al 2008).…”

Section: Pleasure Generators: Hedonic Hotspots In the Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Affective neuroscience of pleasure: reward in humans and animals

2008

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Introduction Pleasure and reward are generated by brain circuits that are largely shared between humans and other animals. Discussion Here, we survey some fundamental topics regarding pleasure mechanisms and explicitly compare humans and animals. Conclusion Topics surveyed include liking, wanting, and learning components of reward; brain coding versus brain causing of reward; subjective pleasure versus objective hedonic reactions; roles of orbitofrontal cortex and related cortex regions; subcortical hedonic hotspots for pleasure generation; reappraisals of dopamine and pleasure-electrode controversies; and the relation of pleasure to happiness.

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“…25 Furthermore, because it is also present in rodents that have had their neural connection between the brain stem and cortex severed, the rejection of bitterness could even be considered a reflex. 26 …”

Section: Bitter: Poisoned With Pleasurementioning

confidence: 99%

Genetics of Taste and Smell

Reed

Knaapila

2010

Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science

211

114

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Eating is dangerous. While food contains nutrients and calories that animals need to produce heat and energy, it may also contain harmful parasites, bacteria, or chemicals. To guide food selection, the senses of taste and smell have evolved to alert us to the bitter taste of poisons and the sour taste and off-putting smell of spoiled foods. These sensory systems help people and animals to eat defensively, and they provide the brake that helps them avoid ingesting foods that are harmful. But choices about which foods to eat are motivated by more than avoiding the bad; they are also motivated by seeking the good, such as fat and sugar. However, just as not everyone is equally capable of sensing toxins in food, not everyone is equally enthusiastic about consuming high-fat, high-sugar foods. Genetic studies in humans and experimental animals strongly suggest that the liking of sugar and fat is influenced by genotype; likewise, the abilities to detect bitterness and the malodors of rotting food are highly variable among individuals. Understanding the exact genes and genetic differences that affect food intake may provide important clues in obesity treatment by allowing caregivers to tailor dietary recommendations to the chemosensory landscape of each person.

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The taste reactivity test. II. Mimetic responses to gustatory stimuli in chronic thalamic and chronic decerebrate rats

Cited by 561 publications

References 19 publications

The Neuroanatomical Axis for Control of Energy Balance

The Neuroanatomical Axis for Control of Energy Balance

Affective neuroscience of pleasure: reward in humans and animals

Genetics of Taste and Smell

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