The Systemic Reaction During Inflammation: The Acute-Phase Proteins

Abstract

The acute-phase response consists in a large number of behavioural, physiologic, biochemical, and nutritional changes involving many organ systems distant from the site, or sites, of inflammation. One of the most investigated, but still not well understood, characteristic of the acute phase is the up-regulation, or down- regulation, of many plasma proteins, known as the acute-phase proteins. The changes in the concentrations of these positive acute-phase proteins and negative acute-phase proteins are due to changes in their liver production. Their increase may vary from 25 percent to 1000 fold, as in the case of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A. This review summarises the recent advances that have been acquired on the acute-phase proteins, in particular their function in pathologies such as infections or inflammatory lesions.

Impact of Body Composition on Clinical Outcomes in Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer

“…Obesity induces a "state of inflammation," which results in elevations in tumor necrosis factor, interleukin (IL)-1␤, IL-6, IL-1 receptor antagonist, and C-reactive protein [12]. Adipocytes produce multiple angiogenic factors such as VEGF and leptin [13].…”

Acute phase response in Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Trionyx sinensis) with Aeromonas hydrophila infection

“…In mammals, SAA is synthesized extrahepatically by different cellular types like monocytes/macrophages (Yamada et al, 2000). SAA has been demonstrated to result in the chemotaxis of monocytes, T cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (Ceciliani et al, 2002;Petersen et al, 2004). In fact, the up-regulation of turtle IL-8 gene (Zhou et al, 2009), including the neutrophils increase observed in liver section of infected turtle (Figure not shown), suggest that the turtle SAA could be also involved in the attraction of neutrophils to the site of inflammation.…”

“…Thus, APPs are used today as potential biological markers for monitoring animal welfare and health status (Ceciliani et al, 2002;Petersen et al, 2004;Pallarés et al, 2008). SAA are considered as main APP in mammals.…”

Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Cytokine

“…Inflammatory bowel disease is closely related to the secretion of TNF-α, and its production was increased in the mucous membrane of patients diagnosed with the Crohn's disease [9,36]. When the disease first begins, TNF-α becomes produced first, and as the IL-1β increases, they stimulate each other and lead to the increase in the IL-6 [6,69]. TNF-α includes antigen invasion in the epithelial cell of the small intestine in patients diagnosed with the Crohn's disease and induces Th1 cytokine during the start and progress of the disease [9,74].…”