“…Exosomes, saucer-shaped extracellular vesicles of approximately 30–100 nm diameter that are delimited by a lipid bilayer, contain a large amount of biologically active molecules, such as lipids, enzymes, metabolites, and various non-coding RNAs (miRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs) ( Yu et al, 2021 ), and play important roles in cell-cell communications in TME ( Aguilar-Cazares et al, 2022 ; Ghosh and Ghosh, 2022 ). In addition, due to the excellent biosafety, low immunogenicity, carrier properties, nanoscale penetration effect, longer half-life, and no microvascular embolism ( Ghosh et al, 2020 ), numerous studies have shown that as a carrier of conventional chemotherapy drugs ( Zhao et al, 2021 ; Premnath et al, 2022 ), targeted therapy ( Deng et al, 2021 ; Xu et al, 2021 ), or mediate photodynamic therapy and immunotherapy ( Jang et al, 2021 ), exosomes have shown potential as a new NDDS for the treatment of PC.…”