The Synthesis of SNAC Phenolate Salts and the Effect on Oral Bioavailability of Semaglutide

Abstract

Purpose: Sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino]caprylate (SNAC) is a well-known penetration enhancer widely used in commercial applications. This study aims to broaden its properties through a novel strategy of converting it into its phenolate salts. The objective is to investigate the synthesis of SNAC phenolate salts, specifically SNAC–choline (SNAC-CH), SNAC–sodium (SNAC-Na), and SNAC–phosphatidylcholine (SNAC-PC), and to explore their potential application in improving the oral absorption of semaglutide. Methods: The synthesis of SNAC phenolate salts was confirmed through 1H-NMR, FTIR, and an elemental analysis of C, H, N, and O. In vivo testing was conducted to assess the oral delivery of semaglutide using these synthesized SNAC phenolate salts. Pharmacokinetic (PK) values were measured to evaluate the impact on drug absorption. Results: The synthesis of SNAC phenolate salts (SNAC-CH, SNAC-Na, and SNAC-PC) was successfully achieved under appropriate conditions, and their structures were confirmed using analytical techniques such as IR, NMR, and CHN elemental analysis. The paradigm of their use was evaluated through an oral pharmacokinetic (PK) in vivo study using SNAC phenolate salts, which did not impair the original SNAC PK values. This suggests that this strategy holds promise as a potential new effective enhancer for oral absorption. Conclusions: The utilization of SNAC phenolate salts presents a novel and promising strategy for extending the verity of penetration enhancers’ molecules and properties. Synthesizing phenolate salts represents a new chemical strategy that may open new avenues in molecular development. This approach holds future potential to enhance the oral delivery of peptide drugs like semaglutide without compromising therapeutic efficacy. Overall, it offers significant advancements in the field by providing a potential alternative to injectable peptides through oral delivery systems.