The synthesis of Nb-doped TiO2 nanoparticles by spray drying: an efficient and scalable method

Mei, Bastian; Sánchez, Miguel; Reinecke, T. L.; Kaluza, Stefan; Xia, Wei

doi:10.1039/c1jm11431j

Cited by 37 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…The spray-drying synthesis of TiO 2 (B)/anatase was adapted from [17] and is described in detail in the experimental section. The calcination temperature was shown to play a key role in the resulting phase composition of the material.…”

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TiO₂(B)/Anatase Composites Synthesized by Spray Drying as High Performance Negative Electrode Material in Li‐Ion Batteries

et al. 2013

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The successful commercialization of batteries containing Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 [1,2] is a clear indication that the smaller energy density of titanate-based negative electrodes caused by their high potential of Li-ion storage (1.5-1.8 V vs. Li/Li + ) can be compensated for, at least for certain applications, by their high safety, stability, and rate capability. The theoretical Li-ion storage capacity of TiO 2 (335 mAh g À1 ) is twice that of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (175 mAh g À1 ), thus shifting TiO 2 into the spotlight of research interest. The practical capacity of TiO 2 , however, does not reach the theoretical value, which prevents its commercialization. The electrochemical performance of TiO 2 is limited due to i) sluggish Li-ion diffusivity and ii) poor electrical conductivity. Several approaches to enhance the electrical conductivity of TiO 2 through, for example, carbon [3] or RuO 2[4] coatings, foreign doping, [5,6] frozen native defects, [7] or wiring by means of carbon nanotube networks, [8] and attempts to improve Li-ion diffusion by nanostructuring [9] or mesoporosity [10] were reported. The crystal phase of TiO 2 strongly influences Li-ion diffusivity. [11] The b-phase of TiO 2 [TiO 2 (B)] has shown extremely fast Liion diffusion, [11,12] exhibiting the highest rate capability reported to date. [13,14] The synthesis methods of TiO 2 (B), usually more tedious than those of anatase phase, can be considered as a holdback for its commercial use in Li-ion batteries.In this communication, we report on the excellent Li-ion storage performance of TiO 2 (B)/anatase composites synthesized by a simple and scalable continuous spray-drying process. To the best of our knowledge, the performance of spraydried TiO 2 as negative electrode in Li-ion batteries has not been reported before. Due to the presence of the b-phase in the spray-dried TiO 2 , its electrochemical performance is above state-of-the-art [3][4][5][6][7][8] and only slightly below the best performances of pure and high surface area TiO 2 (B). [13,14] Additionally, Nbdoping of TiO 2 , which has been shown to enhance its electrical conductivity [15] and to improve its Li-ion storage performance, [16] was combined with spray-drying synthesis to further improve the performance of TiO 2 (B)/anatase. Figure 4. Capacity of intercalation (open symbols) and deintercalation (filled symbols) upon cycling (a) at 50C (first 100 cycles) for 1.3 mg cm À2 and (b) at 40C (first 100 cycles) for 4.0 mg cm À2 . Blue squares represent Nb0_600 and red circles Nb1_600. Note that both figures have the same scale: 100 mAh g À1 100 cycles.

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TiO₂(B)/Anatase Composites Synthesized by Spray Drying as High Performance Negative Electrode Material in Li‐Ion Batteries

et al. 2013

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“…The chemical states of Ti and Nb are strongly influenced by oxygen pressure, Nb concentration and temperature in the synthesis procedure [26,37]. High Nb concentration and low oxygen pressure tend to form Nb 4þ and Ti 3þ [22].…”

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“…Two reasons explain why numerous studies have focused on low substitution levels. One is to prevent the formation of impurities [22,26]. The other is that high substitution levels were unable to enhance performance [27].…”

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The power of Nb-substituted TiO 2 in Li-ion batteries: Morphology transformation induced by high concentration substitution

Yang

Lan

Duh

2015

Journal of Power Sources

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“…It also allows charge compensation mechanism to maintain a low concentration carriers [75]. We can list a series of hypervalent cations which have been successfully incorporated into the anatase crystal structure: W 6+ [76], Nb 5+ [77][78][79][80] [89]. The common observation is that hypervalent doping affects the energy of acceptor trap states.…”

Section: Dye-sensitized Solar Cells Principle: Role and Progress In Tmentioning

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A Review on Current Status of Stability and Knowledge on Liquid Electrolyte-Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Sauvage

2014

Advances in Chemistry

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The purpose of this review is to gather the current background in materials development and provide the reader with an accurate image of today's knowledge regarding the stability of dye-sensitized solar cells. This contribution highlights the literature from the 1970s to the present day on nanostructured TiO 2 , dye, Pt counter electrode, and liquid electrolyte for which this review is focused on.

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The synthesis of Nb-doped TiO2 nanoparticles by spray drying: an efficient and scalable method

Cited by 37 publications

References 45 publications

TiO₂(B)/Anatase Composites Synthesized by Spray Drying as High Performance Negative Electrode Material in Li‐Ion Batteries

TiO₂(B)/Anatase Composites Synthesized by Spray Drying as High Performance Negative Electrode Material in Li‐Ion Batteries

The power of Nb-substituted TiO 2 in Li-ion batteries: Morphology transformation induced by high concentration substitution

A Review on Current Status of Stability and Knowledge on Liquid Electrolyte-Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

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The synthesis of Nb-doped TiO2 nanoparticles by spray drying: an efficient and scalable method

Cited by 37 publications

References 45 publications

TiO2(B)/Anatase Composites Synthesized by Spray Drying as High Performance Negative Electrode Material in Li‐Ion Batteries

TiO2(B)/Anatase Composites Synthesized by Spray Drying as High Performance Negative Electrode Material in Li‐Ion Batteries

The power of Nb-substituted TiO 2 in Li-ion batteries: Morphology transformation induced by high concentration substitution

A Review on Current Status of Stability and Knowledge on Liquid Electrolyte-Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

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TiO₂(B)/Anatase Composites Synthesized by Spray Drying as High Performance Negative Electrode Material in Li‐Ion Batteries

TiO₂(B)/Anatase Composites Synthesized by Spray Drying as High Performance Negative Electrode Material in Li‐Ion Batteries