The Sustainability of Biofuels

Novel macroalgae (seaweed) biorefinery systems for integrated chemical, protein, salt, nutrient and mineral extractions and environmental protection by green synthesis and life cycle sustainability assessments

“…There are policy supports, such as, tax incentives, guaranteed prices and direct support for investment and production in one hand, blending requirements and mandates for public fleets on the other hand, and broadly, fuel standards, public research and trade measures and various cross-sectorial policies for biofuel or bioenergy production system. Many of these developments are thus being driven by strong public support inevitably resulting in higher risks of externalities and more volatile market prices and hindering translational self-sustainable systems development 3,7 . Biofuel or bioenergy production system alone is far from being optimal, because functionalities in processing steps and molecules are not comprehensively mapped to maximise performance from added value productions.…”

“…Biofuel or bioenergy production system alone is far from being optimal, because functionalities in processing steps and molecules are not comprehensively mapped to maximise performance from added value productions. Amidst of all the current research and development efforts, there is an unmet need to bring together the critical areas of process integration and life cycle sustainability assessment with techno-economic, social and environmental aspects, for overall sustainability 7 . Adopting and adapting these tools would provide a means of establishing a baseline, against which new integrated multi-product biorefinery systems can be benchmarked for green investment.…”