The susceptibility of electrodeless quartz crystal BVA resonators to proton ionization effects

Suter, Joseph J.; Maurer, R. H.; Kinnison, James D.

doi:10.1109/23.25479

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Much larger frequency alterations are experienced by crystals when irradiated by natural radiation in space [5]. Numerous studies on the radiation susceptibilities of crystal material and crystal resonators have therefore been conducted [6][7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Within the last dozen years many radiation effects have been observed and elucidated. Some of them are: 1) For many resonators, application (preconditioning) with about 20 krad of Co 60 gamma-ray radiation appears to decrease further frequency degradation due to subsequent irradiation [5]. Therefore, quartz resonators used in space applications are usually preconditioned.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6) A large change in frequency per rad occurs at low dose rates [6]. 7) The exact cause of degradation is not well known [5,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low Dose Rate Proton Irradiation of Quartz Crystal Resonators

Koga¹,

Looper²,

Pinkerton³

et al. 1998

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low Dose Rate Proton Irradiation of Quartz Crystal Resonators

Koga¹,

Looper²,

Pinkerton³

et al. 1998

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“…1) Denser liquid droplets entrained into lighter liquid phase by gas bubble have been investigated by using low temperature media. [2][3][4][5][6][7] However, very rarely were high temperature agents used. 8,9) It was shown that discrete gas bubbles must exceed a certain minimum volume to cause entrainment of the heavier liquid from the lower layer into the upper layer of the lighter liquid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10) The volume of the denser liquid that will be entrained by a discrete bubble is strongly influenced by the fluid properties of both lighter and denser liquid. [2][3][4][5][6][7] However, the data is still quite rare, For a quantitative description of heat and mass transfer or reactions through metal droplets in slag, some uncertainties should be cleared up in respect to the quantity of droplet formation by gas bubbling according to the fluid properties of metal and slag.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Iron Entrainment into Slag Due to Rising Gas Bubbles

Han¹,

Holappa²

2003

ISIJ International

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Iron droplets can be entrained into the slag phase when gas bubbles pass through the molten iron/slag interface. The entrainment phenomena occurring during passage of single bubbles through the interface were investigated by using in-situ X-ray transmission (fluoroscopic) techniques and by collecting and measuring the entrained iron droplets. The effects of bubble size, interfacial tension and viscosity of the slag on the iron droplets entrainment were investigated. The results showed that the mass of the entrainment increased with the increasing bubble size, but decreased with increasing interfacial tension and slag viscosity. A dimensionless equation was proposed to describe the relation between the entrainment of metal into slag and the above-mentioned parameters. This information can be used to optimize heat and mass transfer processes e.g. in ladle metallurgy and to reduce the financial loss due to metal discard within the slag.KEY WORDS: entrainment; gas bubble; iron droplet; iron/slag interface. a bubble (typically 10-14 mm). The sharp edge of the hole on the downward side was ground smoothly by a diamond tool.In each typical experiment the furnace was preheated to 1 580°C, then an alumina crucible-capillary system and a graphite crucible were introduced into the furnace tube from the bottom and the top, respectively. The alumina crucible with 35 mm I.D. and 60 mm height contained 135 g iron sample. Four different alumina capillaries were used to produce bubbles with different size, their I.D./O.D. were 2/4, 1.6/3, 1/2 and 0.7/1.3 mm, respectively, all their length was 550 mm. The alumina plate was located inside the crucible above the iron charge. The graphite crucible with 35 mm I.D. and 65 mm height was filled with 55 g slag.After the furnace tube was purged by pure argon about 2 min, 90 % Ar plus 10 % H 2 mixture gas was introduced as protective atmosphere. The alumina crucible was moved upwards slowly to the high temperature zone, while the graphite crucible was moved gradually downwards to the furnace center. After the iron was partly melted and covered the mouth of the alumina capillary (the pressure curve appeared on the monitor screen), the graphite crucible was quickly moved downwards to be seated on the alumina crucible to melt the slag and allow it to flow onto the iron melt. The whole period of the crucible moving and materials melting took about one hour; during this period the gas flow rate from the capillary was very low (ϳ0.2 mL/min). After the iron and slag samples were totally melted, the alumina plate, with a density (about 3.8 g/cm 3 ) greater than the density of the slag (about 2.6-2.8 g/cm 3 ) but lower than that of liquid iron (about 7.1 g/cm 3 ), floated on the surface of the iron melt submerged in the liquid slag. When experiments with gas bubbles passing through the iron/slag interface were conducted both with and without the alumina plate, no significant differences were observed. When the gas flow rate was set to the proper value (normally, 1.7-5.0 mL/min), observation of the ...

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