The Survival of Some Pathogenic Micro-organisms during Reactor Composting

Krogstad, Ola; Gudding, Roar

doi:10.1080/00015127509435051

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Bacillus cereus, in one study, was detected after composting for 7 days at temperatures below about 70 8C, but could not be detected if temperatures above 70 8C persisted for a period of 2 to 3 days (Krogstad and Gudding 1975). Bacillus cereus, in one study, was detected after composting for 7 days at temperatures below about 70 8C, but could not be detected if temperatures above 70 8C persisted for a period of 2 to 3 days (Krogstad and Gudding 1975).…”

Section: Other Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Though information on the survival of most other pathogenic bacteria is sparse or nonexistent, the thermal inactivation of a few of them has been studied. Krogstad and Gudding (1975) examined the fate of Serratia marcescens at 10 locations during composting of a mixture of municipal solid waste and biosolids and found that it was not particularly hardy. Krogstad and Gudding (1975) examined the fate of Serratia marcescens at 10 locations during composting of a mixture of municipal solid waste and biosolids and found that it was not particularly hardy.…”

Section: Other Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of the effectiveness of current time–temperature regulations on pathogen inactivation during composting

Wichuk

McCartney

2007

Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science

121

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Pathogenic organisms can be present in all types of compost feedstocks. Since the infective dose for many of these organisms is very low, it is generally accepted that pathogens should be reduced to non-detectable levels. According to North American regulatory bodies (United States Environmental Protection Agency and Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment), pathogen inactivation is expected to occur if all particles of compost maintain temperatures greater than 55 8C for at least 3 days. A literature review was conducted to examine whether compliance with these time-temperature conditions consistently resulted in production of pathogen-free compost products. Survival of pathogenic bacteria, protozoa, and helminths occurred in a significant number of studies, despite the prescribed time-temperature conditions apparently being met. It was hypothesized that this could either be the result of inadequate time-temperature requirements or of difficulties in ensuring that the time-temperature criteria are met by all compost particles. Résumé :Des organismes pathogènes peuvent se trouver dans tout type de matières premières d'alimentation des composts. Puisque la dose infectante de plusieurs de ces organismes est très basse, il est généralement accepté que le nombre de ces pathogènes devraient être réduit à des niveaux non décelables. Selon les agences réglementaires d'Amérique du Nord (US EPA et le Conseil canadien des ministres de l'environnement), l'inactivation des agents pathogènes devrait avoir lieu si toutes les particules de compost conservent une température supérieure à 55 8C pour au moins trois jours. Une revue de la littérature a été réalisée afin d'examiner si la conformité à ces conditions de temps et température entraînaient automatiquement la production de composts libres d'agents pathogènes. Plusieurs études ont révélé que la survie des bactéries pathogènes, des protozoaires et des helminthes survient malgré le respect apparent des conditions de temps et de température. Il a été présumé que cela pourrait être causé par des exigences inadéquates de temps et température ou des difficultés à s'assurer que les critères temps et température sont respectés dans toutes les particules de compost.

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Section: Other Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Other Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the effectiveness of current time–temperature regulations on pathogen inactivation during composting

Wichuk

McCartney

2007

Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science

121

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“…Composting is the decomposition of organic wastes by a mixed microbial population in a warm, moist, aerobic environment. It is well known that pathogenic microorganisms are killed during the composting process (DE BERTOLDI et a]., 1980, BISHOP et a]., , KNOLL and STRAUCH, 1970, KROGSTAD and GUDDING, 1975, STRAUCH, 1964, WILEY and WESTERBERG, 1969 ments with animal manures are scarce but there is nothing indicating that the disinfecting effect should be less in animal manures than in sludges. STRAUCH (1983), in a review of composting sewage sludges summaries as follows: "In general, all composting methods which are generating heat b y exothermic microbial process are able t o destroy pathogens and disinfect the compost provided that certain parameters like temperature, pH and appropriate bulking agents are observed."…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival of Salmonellas in Composted and Not Composted Solid Animal Manures

Lp¹,

Ekesbo²

1993

Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B

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“…A very limited number of studies investigated the resistance of endospore‐forming bacteria such as Bacillus and Clostridium during composting. Krogstad and Gudding () artificially inoculated 5–6 logs of Bacillus cereus to compost with initial MC of 60% and detected the inoculated endospores by direct plating, after 7 days of composting at 60–65°C, whereas no endospores were detected after 2 days at 70°C. Our study used c .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A very limited number of studies investigated the resistance of endospore-forming bacteria such as Bacillus and Clostridium during composting. Krogstad and Gudding (1975) artificially inoculated 5-6 logs of Bacillus cereus to compost with initial MC of 60% and detected the inoculated endospores by direct plating, after 7 days of composting at 60-65°C, whereas no endospores were detected after 2 days at 70°C. Our study used c. the same level of initial inoculum, and we observed a maximum of c. 3Á0 log CFU per gram reduction in C. difficile endospores in compost with 40% MC after the 3-day holding time of wet heat treatment at 65°C.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal resistance of Clostridium difficile endospores in dairy compost upon exposure to wet and dry heat treatments

et al. 2019

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Aim Thermal resistance of Clostridium difficile endospores in finished dairy compost was compared at 55 and 65°C under wet and dry heat conditions. Methods and Results A three‐strain cocktail of C. difficile endospores was inoculated into dairy compost to a final concentration of c. 5·5 log CFU per gram and the moisture content (MC) of the compost was adjusted to be 20, 30 and 40%. For the dry heat treatment at 55 and 65°C, the compost samples were placed in an environmental chamber, whereas for the wet heat treatment, the inoculated compost samples were placed in a tray submerged in a water bath. The MCs of composts were maintained well throughout the wet heat treatment while the dry heat treatment reduced the MCs of composts to <10% by the end of come‐up time. During the come‐up time, the log endospore reductions at a selected temperature were not significantly different in compost with three selected MCs, in each heat treatment. During the holding time, endospore counts reduced by <0·5 log CFU per gram at 55 and 65°C of dry heat treatment, whereas 0·7–0·8 and 0·6–3·0 log CFU per gram reductions were observed at 55 and 65°C in wet heat treatment respectively. Conclusion The recommended minimum composting guidelines were not sufficient to reduce C. difficile endospore counts to an undetectable level (five endospores per gram). Increasing the temperature of thermophilic phase to 65°C, and maintaining higher MCs of composting feedstocks have significant (P < 0·05) effects on the endospore inactivation. Significance and Impact of the Study Our study identified factors that significantly affecting the thermal resistance of C. difficile endospores during composting, and the results suggest the current composting guidelines need to be amended in order to reduce the dissemination of C. difficile endospores in agricultural environment.

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The Survival of Some Pathogenic Micro-organisms during Reactor Composting

Cited by 15 publications

References 3 publications

A review of the effectiveness of current time–temperature regulations on pathogen inactivation during composting

A review of the effectiveness of current time–temperature regulations on pathogen inactivation during composting

Survival of Salmonellas in Composted and Not Composted Solid Animal Manures

Thermal resistance of Clostridium difficile endospores in dairy compost upon exposure to wet and dry heat treatments

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