In geometric topology it is important to have useful criteria for recognizing special types of manifolds. For example, it is often necessary to determine whether a connected compact manifold with boundary W can be expressed as a product V• [0, 1]. If W is two-dimensional, then the classification of surfaces shows that some obvious necessary conditions are sufficient. Specifically, the boundary must split into two components, and the inclusion of either must be a homotopy For many years it has been known that the s-cobordism theorem extends to certain specific situations in dimension 3, 4, and 5 (compare Lawson [27], Shaneson [48]) but it was also known that the s-cobordism theorem does not generalize completely in at least one of these dimensions (Siebenmann [49], Lawson [27]). In fact, it was known that failures occur in each of the three manifold categories (topological, PL, and smooth manifolds).Recent advances in low-dimensional topology have improved our understanding of the extent to which the s-cobordism theorem can and cannot be generalized. The results of M. Freedman yield a topological s-cobordism theorem in dimension five provided the fundamental group of W is relatively small [16,39]. On the other hand, Freedman's results and earlier work of T. Matumoto and L. Siebenmann [32] (cf. [23]) show that the topological s-cobordism theorem fails in dimension four; one can even insist that both boundary components are homeomorphic (specifically to S 1 x RP2). Subsequent work of S. Cappell and J. Shaneson yielded orientable examples of the same type [9]; specifically, * The second