The superficial temporal fat pad and its ramifications for temporalis muscle construction in facial approximation

Stephan, Carl N.; Devine, Matthew

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.06.016

Cited by 22 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Tests of previously published face prediction rules have been conducted for many of the major facial regions (eyes, nose, and mouth), except for the ear. This study fills that gap and its results are consistent with a general pattern observed in other studies that traditionally recommended face prediction rules are not well supported by the scientific data (10–18,61). …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Over the last 10 years, tests have revealed that established face prediction methods perform suboptimally. This includes large inaccuracies for popular methods to determine mouth width (10,11), eyeball position (12)(13)(14)(15), nose projection (16,17), and the temporalis muscle form (18). This has led to improved methods to determine these facial components (see the aforementioned studies and also [19][20][21]).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Validity of Ear Prediction Guidelines Used in Facial Approximation*^,†,‡

Guyomarc’h

Stephan

2012

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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This study examined eight previously published ear prediction methods by Welcker, Gerasimov, Fedosyutkin and Nainys, and Broadbent and Mathews. Computed tomography scans of 78 living adults (n(1)) did not support any of these previously published recommendations. Free earlobes were found to accompany protruding supramastoid crests (Pearson's χ² < 0.05); and ear length [l] and width [w] differed by sex (p < 0.05), correlated with age (r = 0.38[l]; 0.32[w]), and correlated with facial height (r = 0.37[l]; 0.30[w]). New regression equations (for ear length and width) were generated using these variables in several samples and, where possible, cross-validated using independent data (n(1) = 78, n(2) = 2190, n(3) = 1328, n(4) = 1010, and n(5) = 47). As a result of these analyses, four valid and tested methods for ear prediction were identified, but large degrees of error continue to make accurate prediction of the ear, from the skull, problematic.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

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confidence: 99%

The Validity of Ear Prediction Guidelines Used in Facial Approximation*^,†,‡

Guyomarc’h

Stephan

2012

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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“…Each ear was then positioned individually using scale and rotate. Finally, the parotid gland and superficial temporal fat pad were modeled with ZSpheres according to Wilkinson () and Stephan and Devine (), respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The parotid gland and buccal fat pad are added at this stage as well. Recently, an anatomical study showed that the temporal fat pad creates a surface contour not reflected by the temporalis muscle alone and suggested the fat pad be modeled in craniofacial approximations separately from the temporalis (Stephan and Devine, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revealing the Face of an Ancient Egyptian: Synthesis of Current and Traditional Approaches to Evidence‐Based Facial Approximation

Lindsay

Rühli

DeLeon

2015

The Anatomical Record

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The technique of forensic facial approximation, or reconstruction, is one of many facets of the field of mummy studies. Although far from a rigorous scientific technique, evidence-based visualization of antemortem appearance may supplement radiological, chemical, histological, and epidemiological studies of ancient remains. Published guidelines exist for creating facial approximations, but few approximations are published with documentation of the specific process and references used. Additionally, significant new research has taken place in recent years which helps define best practices in the field. This case study records the facial approximation of a 3,000-year-old ancient Egyptian woman using medical imaging data and the digital sculpting program, ZBrush. It represents a synthesis of current published techniques based on the most solid anatomical and/or statistical evidence. Through this study, it was found that although certain improvements have been made in developing repeatable, evidence-based guidelines for facial approximation, there are many proposed methods still awaiting confirmation from comprehensive studies. This study attempts to assist artists, anthropologists, and forensic investigators working in facial approximation by presenting the recommended methods in a chronological and usable format.

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“…The FSTD data applied is specific to the French sample, but because the regressions are built on wide subsamples (124 < n < 469), this method might be optimal. Lack of accuracy in the temporal region may be of concern , and the chin FSTD estimation should also be improved. However, the application of a single dataset, as in the T‐Table , may provide similar results in terms of recognition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropological Facial Approximation in Three Dimensions (AFA3D): Computer‐Assisted Estimation of the Facial Morphology Using Geometric Morphometrics

Guyomarc’h

Dutailly

Charton

et al. 2014

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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This study presents Anthropological Facial Approximation in Three Dimensions (AFA3D), a new computerized method for estimating face shape based on computed tomography (CT) scans of 500 French individuals. Facial soft tissue depths are estimated based on age, sex, corpulence, and craniometrics, and projected using reference planes to obtain the global facial appearance. Position and shape of the eyes, nose, mouth, and ears are inferred from cranial landmarks through geometric morphometrics. The 100 estimated cutaneous landmarks are then used to warp a generic face to the target facial approximation. A validation by re-sampling on a subsample demonstrated an average accuracy of c. 4 mm for the overall face. The resulting approximation is an objective probable facial shape, but is also synthetic (i.e., without texture), and therefore needs to be enhanced artistically prior to its use in forensic cases. AFA3D, integrated in the TIVMI software, is available freely for further testing.

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The superficial temporal fat pad and its ramifications for temporalis muscle construction in facial approximation

Cited by 22 publications

References 42 publications

The Validity of Ear Prediction Guidelines Used in Facial Approximation*^,†,‡

The Validity of Ear Prediction Guidelines Used in Facial Approximation*^,†,‡

Revealing the Face of an Ancient Egyptian: Synthesis of Current and Traditional Approaches to Evidence‐Based Facial Approximation

Anthropological Facial Approximation in Three Dimensions (AFA3D): Computer‐Assisted Estimation of the Facial Morphology Using Geometric Morphometrics

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The superficial temporal fat pad and its ramifications for temporalis muscle construction in facial approximation

Cited by 22 publications

References 42 publications

The Validity of Ear Prediction Guidelines Used in Facial Approximation*,†,‡

The Validity of Ear Prediction Guidelines Used in Facial Approximation*,†,‡

Revealing the Face of an Ancient Egyptian: Synthesis of Current and Traditional Approaches to Evidence‐Based Facial Approximation

Anthropological Facial Approximation in Three Dimensions (AFA3D): Computer‐Assisted Estimation of the Facial Morphology Using Geometric Morphometrics

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Product

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The Validity of Ear Prediction Guidelines Used in Facial Approximation*^,†,‡

The Validity of Ear Prediction Guidelines Used in Facial Approximation*^,†,‡