The Sulfur Cycle

Kellogg, William W.; Cadle, R. D.; Allen, Eric R.; Lazrus, A. L.; Martell, E. A.

doi:10.1126/science.175.4022.587

Cited by 511 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 31 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

120

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Lidar measurements have shown that the smaller particles are domainant near the top and bottom region of stratospheric aerosol layer (IWASKA, 1980), and same feature is found out also in other observations (BIGG, 1976;HOFMANN and ROSEN, 1977;GRAMS and LABY, 1978;FARLOW et al, 1979). The evaporation rate of H2SO4 estimated here on the basis of laser radar measurements cannot be neglected in the stratosphere in comparison with the production rate of sulfur compounds (5O2, COS, H2S, and so on) due to the transport into the stratosphere across the tropopause as suggested from numerical model calculations (LAZRUS and GANDRUD, 1974;HARRISON and LARSON, 1974;CRUTZEN, 1976) or from the analysis on stratospheric aerosol content, volcanic activity and so on (KELLOGG et al, 1972;JUNGE, 1974;LADLE, 1975).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…In many investigations (KELLOGG et al, 1972;JUNGE, 1974;LAZRUS and GANDRUD, 1974;HARRISON and LARSON, 1974;LADLE, 1975;CRUTZEN, 1976), the role of evaporation process of H2SO4 from sulfate particles in the global circulation of atmospheric sulfur has been left disregarded so far. However this evaporation may be an important secondary source of H2SO4 gas next to the photo-oxidative formation from sulfur compounds originated in the troposphere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some investigators estimated influx of SO2, COS, and total sulfur from the troposphere to the stratosphere on the basis of various measurements or numerical models (KELLOGG et al, 1972;HARRISON and LARSON, 1974;HOFMANN et al, 1974;JUNGE, 1974;LADLE, 1975), and suggested that influx of gaseous sulfur compounds downward flux due to the sedimen-tation of sulfate particles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Sulfur budget and H2SO4 evaporation from particles in the upper region of the stratospheric aerosol layer.

Iwasaka

1982

J. geomagn. geoelec

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The evaporation rate of H2SO4 in the upper aerosol region was first estimated from the vertical change of particle size distribution defined by the lidar measurements. The rate was found in the range 15-30 (H2SO4 molecules) cm-3 sec-1. This results indicate that the evaporation is not negligible for the sulfate budget of lower stratosphere, and that it should be necessary to make clear the aeronomic behavior of H2SO4 gas above the aerosol layer.

show abstract

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Sulfur budget and H2SO4 evaporation from particles in the upper region of the stratospheric aerosol layer.

Iwasaka

1982

J. geomagn. geoelec

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The gene groups that gave a significant variation in expression were selected from the genome-wide gene expression profile. 3,875 open reading frames, which induced commonly under different stress conditions, were extracted from the gene groups. We performed the hierarchical cluster analysis using GeneSpring.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, Me 2 SO forms naturally from photooxidation of DMS in the atmosphere and from degradation of DMS by phytoplankton in the marine environment (2). Because Me 2 SO has low volatility and is highly hygroscopic, it is rapidly scavenged from the atmosphere by rain and returned to earth, and thereby plays a role in the global sulfur cycle (1,3).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dimethyl Sulfoxide Exposure Facilitates Phospholipid Biosynthesis and Cellular Membrane Proliferation in Yeast Cells

Murata¹,

Watanabe²,

Sato³

et al. 2003

Journal of Biological Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Me 2 SO is a polar solvent that is widely used in biochemistry, pharmacology, and industry. Although there are several reports in the literature concerning the biological effects of Me 2 SO, the total cellular response remains unclear. In this paper, DNA microarray technology combined with the hierarchical clustering bioinformatics tool was used to assess the effects of Me 2 SO on yeast cells. We found that yeast exposed to Me 2 SO increased phospholipid biosynthesis through up-regulated gene expression. It was confirmed by Northern blotting that the level of INO1 and OPI3 gene transcripts, encoding key enzymes in phospholipid biosynthesis, were significantly elevated following treatment with Me 2 SO. Furthermore, the phospholipid content of the cells increased during exposure to Me 2 SO as shown by conspicuous incorporation of a lipophilic fluorescent dye (3,3 -dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide) into the cell membranes. From these results we propose that Me 2 SO treatment induces membrane proliferation in yeast cells to alleviate the adverse affects of this chemical on membrane integrity.Dimethyl sulfoxide (Me 2 SO) 1 is widely used as a solvent in the chemical industry and as a cryoprotectant in biotechnology. It is present in the environment as a waste product of the paper industry and from the production of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and also arises from the degradation of sulfur-containing pesticides (1). In addition, Me 2 SO forms naturally from photooxidation of DMS in the atmosphere and from degradation of DMS by phytoplankton in the marine environment (2). Because Me 2 SO has low volatility and is highly hygroscopic, it is rapidly scavenged from the atmosphere by rain and returned to earth, and thereby plays a role in the global sulfur cycle (1, 3).Microorganisms, including both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, have the capability of reducing Me 2 SO and can utilize it as a terminal electron acceptor during anaerobic growth (4 -6). Me 2 SO reductase from Escherichia coli and Rhodobacter sphaeroides catalyzes the reduction of Me 2 SO to DMS (7-9). This enzyme, which contains a molybdenum cofactor at the active center, is well characterized at the biochemical, biophysical, and molecular level and provides an excellent model system for investigating the structure and mechanism of electron transfer chain complexes (1, 10). Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a number of NADPH-dependent enzymes that, in conjunction with methionine sulfoxide reductase (MXR1), can reduce Me 2 SO to DMS (11).In E. coli, the combination of divalent cations as Ca 2ϩ and Me 2 SO has been shown to stimulate the efficiency of DNA transfer into the cell (12). In the case of mammalian cells, it is reported that the transfection efficiency is increased by Me 2 SO treatment after electroporation (13). The exact mechanism of how Me 2 SO increases membrane permeability leading to DNA uptake is unclear.In mammalian cells Me 2 SO (2% (v/v)) can induce morphological changes, for example in mouse erythroleukemic cells (14), or cause differentiation, for example ...

show abstract

Potential Importance of Ozone in the Association Between Outdoor Air Pollution and Dry Eye Disease in South Korea

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

IMPORTANCE Air pollution is an important public health concern and the ocular surface is continuously exposed to pollutants in outdoor air. Ocular surface abnormalities related to air pollution are thought to be a subtype of dry eye disease (DED). However, to date, there is no large-scale study evaluating an association between air pollution and DED that includes multiple air pollutants. OBJECTIVE To investigate associations between outdoor air pollution and DED in a Korean population. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A population-based cross-sectional study using data on 16 824 participants in the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was conducted from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2012. Data analysis was conducted from September 1 to 30, 2015. Dry eye disease was defined as previously diagnosed by an ophthalmologist or the presence of frequent ocular pain and discomfort. Outdoor air pollution measurements (mean annual humidity, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <10 μm [PM 10 ], ozone, and nitrogen dioxide levels) were collected from 283 national monitoring stations in South Korea. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Associations of multiple air pollutants with DED were assessed from multivariable logistic regression analyses. Sociodemographic factors and previously known factors associated with DED were applied as covariates (model 1 controlled for sociodemographic factors and model 2 controlled for sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical factors). RESULTS Among 16 824 participants (7104 men and 9720 women), higher ozone levels and lower humidity levels were significantly associated with symptoms and diagnosis of DED. In model 1, an increase in ozone levels of 0.003 ppm was significantly associated with symptoms and diagnosis of DED

show abstract

The Sulfur Cycle

Cited by 511 publications

References 31 publications

Sulfur budget and H2SO4 evaporation from particles in the upper region of the stratospheric aerosol layer.

Sulfur budget and H2SO4 evaporation from particles in the upper region of the stratospheric aerosol layer.

Dimethyl Sulfoxide Exposure Facilitates Phospholipid Biosynthesis and Cellular Membrane Proliferation in Yeast Cells

Potential Importance of Ozone in the Association Between Outdoor Air Pollution and Dry Eye Disease in South Korea

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About