The Sulfated Polysaccharides of Brown Algae and Products of Their Enzymatic Transformation as Potential Vaccine Adjuvants

Abstract

The review is devoted to critical analysis of literature data, deal with effects and mechanisms of action of sulfated polysaccharides (PSs)-fucoidans from brown algae and products of their enzymatic transformation as potential adjuvants for enhancement of anti-infective and antitumor immune response. Numerous experimental data indicate that sulfated PSs demonstrate properties of vaccine adjuvants. Application perspectiveness of fucoidans as vaccine adjuvants is defined by their high biocompatibility, low-toxicity, safety and good tolerance by macroorganism, and also mechanisms of their immunomodulatory action. In particular, fucoidans are agonists of receptors of innate immunity and strong inducers of cellular and humoral immune response. At presenting the data of structural-functional interrelations, attention focused to the defining role of degree of sulfation, uronic acids and polyphenols contents, and also molecular mass in actions of fucoidans to innate and adaptive immunity cells. Insufficiency of literary data on studying of correlation of structure-physicochemical characteristics with adjuvanticities of the sulfated PSs, and also the problem of standardization of their active fractions are noted. Special attention is paid to the analysis of immunomodulatory and adjuvant activity of fucoidan oligosaccharides. Presented here results of experimental trial indicate that, despite the difficulties due to preparation of highly purified structurally characterized fractions and complex structure of fucoidans, these substances can be used as safe and effective adjuvants in vaccines against various pathogens including viruses, and also in antitumor vaccines.

Viral inhibitors derived from macroalgae, microalgae, and cyanobacteria: A review of antiviral potential throughout pathogenesis

“…Fucoidan has shown immunomodulatory effects in other experimental settings. Fucoidan has been investigated as a potential vaccine adjuvant [ 240 , 241 ]. Investigations have shown that fucoidan is able to mobilize hematopoietic progenitor cells [ 231 ].…”

Immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharides from marine algae for treating cancer, infectious disease, and inflammation

“…In a previous study, Nakayasu et al suggested that the uronic acid content in fucoidans facilitates the maturation and activation of DC and T cells, thereby playing an important role in the ability of the polysaccharide to immunomodulate and act as an adjuvant. The above results suggest that the monosaccharide content of polysaccharides may be an important factor affecting their immunomodulatory functions (Kuznetsova, Persiyanova, Ermakova, Khotimchenko, & Besednova, 2018; Nakayasu et al, 2009). Future studies must confirm the findings on the structure and composition of the fucoidans extracted from various sources.…”

Effects of enzymatically depolymerised fucoidan on effector functions of innate and adaptive immunity cells

“…В последние годы в результате активного изучения сульфатированных полисахаридов из бурых водорослей (фукоиданов) и других природных и синтетических соединений полисахаридной природы выявлены их иммуноадъювантные свойства [9][10][11][12][13]. Несмотря на высокую биологическую активность и низкую токсичность, фукоиданы до сих пор не применяются в качестве фармацевтических субстанций.…”