The suitability of the free-living nematode Panagrellus redivivus as live food for first-feeding fish larvae

Schlechtriem, Christian; Ricci, Manuele; Focken, Ulfert; Becker, Klaus

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0426.2004.00542.x

Cited by 31 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Several media, medium quantities and inoculation densities have been investigated. Compared with the biological fermenter proposed by Fisher and Fletcher (1995), the bag system by Ricci et al (2003) delivers higher multiplication factors and is less complicated to apply (Schlechtriem, Ricci, Focken & Becker 2004a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ricci et al (2003) used an oatmeal‐based medium and a soluble medium made up of purified ingredients, resembling the proximate composition of oat. Additional investigations concerning the effect of an added oil source (fish oil or sunflower oil) on body composition, average yields and multiplication factors of the nematodes were conducted by Schlechtriem, Ricci, Focken and Becker (2004a, b). The enrichment of culture media with further lipid sources (capelin oil, cod liver oil and marilla oil) was tested by Kumlu et al (1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are several studies on the use of mass‐produced P. redivivus in the rearing of first feeding fish larvae (Santiago, Ricci & Reyes‐Lampa 2004; Schlechtriem et al 2004a, b; Schlechtriem, Focken & Becker 2005). The authors concluded that the bag system is suitable for the mass production of nematodes as live food for first feeding larvae of fish and crustacean species, and Ricci et al (2003) stated that it should be applicable for small‐scale live feed producers in developing countries due to its simple technology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Panagrellus redivivus mass produced on solid media as live food for Litopenaeus vannamei larvae

et al. 2006

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The free‐living soil nematode Panagrellus redivivus is well known to be an excellent food source for first feeding fish larvae. It represents an alternative to the highly expensive Artemia, which is commonly used. The lack of a proper method for mass production of P. redivivus has prevented its wider use in commercial hatcheries. A new cultivation method allows the production of a sufficient quantity of nematodes to deliver a standardized and permanently available live food of high quality, throughout the larval rearing period. In two experiments – carried out at the Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Mexico – several feeding regimes were established to prove the quality of the mass produced P. redivivus for larvae of Litopenaeus vannamei, the Pacific white shrimp. Two different nematode treatments were compared with a no‐feed group and a control group that was fed with Artemia. All treatments had an additional algal co‐feed and were run in five replicates. Panagrellus redivivus was cultured on two different media (wheat/corn flour and oat flour) to compare these for their suitability as high‐quality live food for the larvae. Shrimp fed nematodes grown on wheat/corn medium reached the postlarval stage earlier than those from other treatments. The nematode treatments showed promising results; however, further research is needed on the development of improved culture media or enrichment methods to further increase the nutritional value of P. redivivus.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Panagrellus redivivus mass produced on solid media as live food for Litopenaeus vannamei larvae

et al. 2006

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“…() reported significantly lower growth after 3 weeks of silver carp larvae fed P. redivivus , which could have been attributed to low nematode densities in the rearing tanks. After 1 week, growth was similar in carp larvae fed P. redivivus ; however, growth was still impaired compared to the carp larvae fed Artemia (Schlechtriem et al., ,b). Consequently, reduced growth could be explained by a lower biomass and nutrient intake of larvae fed both nematode variants compared to the Artemia group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Evaluation of an improved RNA/DNA quantification method in a common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 1758) larval feeding trial with Artemia , two nematodes (Panagrellus redivivus Linnaeus 1758, Panagrolaimus sp. Fuchs 1930) and dry feed

et al. 2015

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Evaluation of an improved RNA/DNA quantification method in a common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 1758) larval feeding trial with Artemia, two nematodes (Panagrellus redivivus Linnaeus 1758, Panagrolaimus sp. Fuchs 1930) and dry feed Summary The RNA/DNA ratio commonly used as proxy for the nutritional condition of fish larvae is affected by RNA degradation during analysis. For evaluation of two strategies to improve RNA integrity, a three-week feeding trial was carried out to assess the suitability of two nematode species (fam. Panagrolaimidae) as feed for newly hatched carp larvae (Cyprinus carpio) in comparison to Artemia nauplii (Artemia sp.) and a commercial dry feed. Aiming for an increased reproducibility of RNA/DNA determination, a high-salt inactivation (RNA later) as well as a targeted approach with a recombinant RNase inhibitor were compared to the classical protocol using lab chip technology. Improved RNA integrity was observed with high-salt inactivation when compared with a strategy applying a specific RNase inhibitor or the classic protocol. Carp larvae fed Artemia for 2 weeks and then dry feed for 1 week revealed the best overall growth performance as well as survival [83.0 AE 35.2 mg fresh weight (FW), 20.0 AE 2.4 mm total length (TL), 86.6 AE 11.7% survival]. Larvae fed the nematode species Panagrellus redivivus for 1 week and subsequently dry feed for 2 weeks (37.4 AE 29.1 mg FW, 14.7 AE 2.8 mm TL, 76.0 AE 6.0% survival) performed better than larvae fed with dry feed alone (28.2 AE 29.6 mg FW, 14.3 AE 2.9 mm TL, 54.3 AE 14.2% survival) or those receiving Panagrellus for 2 weeks. Between both nematode species, Panagrellus was a better feed with regard to growth performance and survival. RNA/DNA ratios ranged between 0.65 AE 0.27 (8 days post-hatch) and 1.96 AE 0.63 (22 days post-hatch) and were in the same treatment order as the other growth parameters. RNA/DNA ratios were significantly correlated with the growth rate, and decreasing RNA/DNA ratios in larger larvae may reflect decreasing growth rates with size rather than decreased nutritional status. Here, an improved RNA/DNA ratio protocol is presented in a feeding trial that reveals the suitability of nematodes as a first feed for common carp larvae.

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“…Schlechtriem et al. () grew nematodes ( P. redivivus ) on oatmeal or an artificial medium made of cornstarch, yeast extract, peptone, glucose, sodium chloride and water. These completely different media had virtually no effect on the amino acid profile.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving nematode culture techniques and their effects on amino acid profile with considerations on production costs

Buck

Brüggemann²,

Hundt

et al. 2014

J. Appl. Ichthyol.

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Summary The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of 11 different culture media for production of the free‐living nematode Turbatrix aceti. Several other harvesting methods were tested in addition to mass production. A further focus was the investigation of amino acid alterations caused by the application of various media during the culture of T. aceti and two additional nematode species, Panagrellus redivivus and Caenorhabditis elegans. Finally, a cost analysis for the production of T. aceti was generated and its outcome compared to the production of conventional live feed organisms. Altogether 11 liquid culture media were tested for mass production of the nematode Turbatrix aceti using a minimum of effort in terms of labour and costs. Six harvesting methods, including filtration as well as active swimming of T. aceti were evaluated. Additional to the culture of T. aceti in four of the above‐mentioned media, the nematodes P. redivivus and C. elegans were cultured on two different solid media. Cost analysis for the production of T. aceti includes those of the media, the equipment, as well as the labour costs for culture and harvest. An average density of approx. 30 × 106 ± 8.13 × 106 nematodes L−1 was achieved for T. aceti. The most efficient method (20 μm filtration) allowed harvesting 85.3 ± 2.7% of the nematodes from the medium without disturbing the particles. Lowest efficiency was achieved by combining sedimentation and filtration, accomplishing a harvest of 42.1 ± 5.8%. The amino acid profile of all three nematode species turned out to be both stable and very similar. Amino acid enrichment had little effect. The costs for producing one million T. aceti individuals ranged between 5.39 and 6.19 €, where labour costs accounted for 73 to 84% of the total production costs. In conclusion, T. aceti appears to be very robust, easy to handle, as well as cheaper to cultivate compared to other live‐feed organisms. Therefore, its use in commercial aquaculture should be given future consideration.

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The suitability of the free-living nematode Panagrellus redivivus as live food for first-feeding fish larvae

Cited by 31 publications

References 24 publications

Panagrellus redivivus mass produced on solid media as live food for Litopenaeus vannamei larvae

Panagrellus redivivus mass produced on solid media as live food for Litopenaeus vannamei larvae

Evaluation of an improved RNA/DNA quantification method in a common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 1758) larval feeding trial with Artemia , two nematodes (Panagrellus redivivus Linnaeus 1758, Panagrolaimus sp. Fuchs 1930) and dry feed

Improving nematode culture techniques and their effects on amino acid profile with considerations on production costs

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