The suitability of Nigerian black soil clays as drilling mud clays, I. Nature and technical properties

Omole, O.; Malomo, S.; Akande, Samson Oyeniyi

doi:10.1016/0169-1317(89)90042-2

Cited by 20 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Although there is a general absence of universally accepted procedure for standardizing industrial specifications of the properties of clays used as drilling mud, the properties of the naturally active Wyoming bentonite which most oil drilling companies use as an effective drilling mud have been employed to evaluate the potential of most clays applied in drilling operations (Rath, 1986). Thus, earlier workers such as Omole et al (1989) were able to have a pioneering study on the suitability of the black cotton clay soil of northeastern Nigeria as drilling mud. Their work evaluated the nature and geotechnical properties as well as effects of beneficiation on the clay soil.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative evaluation of clays from Abakaliki Formation with commercial bentonite clays for use as drilling mud

Nweke¹,

Igwe²,

Nnabo³

2015

Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative evaluation of clays from Abakaliki Formation with commercial bentonite clays for use as drilling mud

Nweke¹,

Igwe²,

Nnabo³

2015

Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Previous work on drilling mud in Nigeria had focused on the assessment of the suitability of the Nigerian black cotton soils in Northeastern Nigeria as drilling mud. (Omole et al, (1989), Eyisi et al, (1986), Oyedeji et al, (2006)). The purpose of this paper is to examine the suitability of the shale around Dange, northwestern Nigeria as raw material for drilling mud.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Evaluation of Shale Around Dange, Northwestern Nigeria as Raw Material for Drilling Mud

Oyedeji¹,

Adeyemi²

2019

ESR

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Shale exposed around Dange northwestern, Nigeria was studied. The aim was to determine the grade, quality and usability of the shale as drilling mud using its physico-chemical and the rheological characteristics. Sixty-one (61) samples were collected from exposed sections and pits. Major elements such as SiO2, Al2O3, MgO and CaO were determined. X-ray diffraction method was employed for the qualitative identification of the minerals in the shale. Cation Exchange Capacity and Exchangeable cations were determined using the Methylene Blue Absorption and Ammonium Acetate Saturation Methods respectively. Grain-size distribution and Atterberg Limits tests were also conducted. Apparent Viscosity, Plastic Viscosity and Yield point were calculated from readings obtained on a multi-speed Fann viscometer. The dominant clay mineral observed is smectite (71%) implying good expansive potential. Dominant oxides were SiO2 (42.60-57.50%), Al2O3 (12.00-16.70%), CaO (0.43-12.50%). Exchangeable cations obtained were Na+ (0.48-6.67), Ca2+ (14.03-34.50) and K+ (0.42-1.95) meq/100g clay. Liquid and plastic limits ranged from 69.40-86.00% and 30.10-36.10% respectively giving a Plasticity Index of 39.40-52.60%. The samples plot close to Ca-montmorillonite on the clay identification chart. The viscosity increased on addition of 7-10% sodium carbonate. It has good sodium exchange potential. In the natural state, it does not meet the API/OCMA specifications. However, its rheological properties improved significantly on treatment with sodium carbonate thus confirming its suitability as raw material in drilling mud.

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“…Ironically, few studies have been done on these clay compositions and their suitability in the formulation of drilling mud utilized in the drilling industries. Notable is the pioneer works [10,11] including the recent works [9,12], which typically assess the suitability of clay deposits from diverse locations within the northeastern and southeastern parts of Nigeria. The ultimate outcomes of these researches revealed that the clays are not directly suitable for oil-drilling mud.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Commercially Imported Bentonite Versus Locally Derived Bentonitic Clays: A Comparative Assessment Study of Mineralogy and Geochemical properties, Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria

Egbo¹,

Ehinola²

2021

EESRJ

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This study aimed to investigate the mineralogy and chemical properties of the bentonites from the Imo Shale and Ameki formations, vis-a-vis commercially imported bentonite (CIC), for its suitability in formulation of drilling mud. 50 suspected bentonitic clays were studied, and properties of starting materials were utilized during screening. The CIC and four samples that met the API specification for drilling mud were subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses. XRD revealed SPL15 consists: 55% kaolinite, 20% quartz, 15% K-feldspar, and 10% hematite, suggesting kaolinite-type; and SPL6, SPL8, and SPL11 consist: 28-47% kaolinite, 26-32% quartz, and 12-20% nontronite, indicating smectite-type with significant amount of kaolinite co-existing, while the CIC consists of 12% quartz, 10% K-feldspar, 12% calcite, 41% nontronite, and 25% amorphous materials. XRF, showed Al2O3 (15.77-25.49) wt%, Fe2O3 (6.61-10.01) wt%, SiO2 (51.67-59.11) wt%, and loss on ignition (7.57-11.22) wt%, indicating variable degrees of alterations. Significant proportion of the CIC exists in an amorphous phase, suspected to be additives. Thus, comparison with the CIC revealed compositional disparity/deficits in the local clays. Consequently, treatment/beneficiations may be necessary to achieve the desired compositions. Based on these results, the primary criteria for the formulation of drilling fluid, using mineralogy and chemical compositions, are achievable.

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The suitability of Nigerian black soil clays as drilling mud clays, I. Nature and technical properties

Cited by 20 publications

References 2 publications

Comparative evaluation of clays from Abakaliki Formation with commercial bentonite clays for use as drilling mud

Comparative evaluation of clays from Abakaliki Formation with commercial bentonite clays for use as drilling mud

Evaluation of Shale Around Dange, Northwestern Nigeria as Raw Material for Drilling Mud

Commercially Imported Bentonite Versus Locally Derived Bentonitic Clays: A Comparative Assessment Study of Mineralogy and Geochemical properties, Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria

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