The Sugar Economy of Puerto Rico

Gayer, Arthur D.; Homan, Paul T.; James, Earle K.

doi:10.7312/gaye94230

Cited by 25 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…We defined seasonal exposure to poor nutrition and infectious diseases based on birth quarter and the months of the slack or lean season (July–December) in the Puerto Rican sugar cane industry (Clark, 1930; Gayer, Homan, & James, 1938). Mid to late gestation and early infancy may all be periods sensitive to poor nutrition.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Life Exposure to Poor Nutrition and Infectious Diseases and Its Effects on the Health of Older Puerto Rican Adults

McEniry

Palloni²,

Dávila³

et al. 2008

The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences an

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Objectives We examined the effects of early life exposure to poor nutrition and infectious diseases on adult heart disease and diabetes using season of birth as an indicator to help disentangle the effects on health of early life exposure from effects associated with other childhood conditions. Methods Using data from 60- to 74-year-old Puerto Ricans who lived in rural areas during childhood (n = 1,457), we estimated the effects of seasonal exposure during late gestation on the probability of diabetes and heart disease, controlling for adult obesity and other childhood conditions (health, socioeconomic status, knee height). Results We found (a) strong associations between exposure and heart disease; (b) weaker associations between exposure and diabetes, although significant negative interaction effects between exposure and having a family member with diabetes suggest the possibility of either strong gene–environment or early adult–environment interactions; (c) virtually no attenuation of effects of self-reported childhood health with controls for exposure. Discussion Timing of birth may reveal conditions experienced perinatally that affect adult heart disease and diabetes. The results suggest that examination of the effects of season of birth on these chronic conditions among older Puerto Rican adults and among older adults from similar populations deserves deeper scrutiny.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Life Exposure to Poor Nutrition and Infectious Diseases and Its Effects on the Health of Older Puerto Rican Adults

McEniry

Palloni²,

Dávila³

et al. 2008

The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences an

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…We defined seasonal exposure to poor nutrition and infectious diseases based on the months of the slack or lean season (July–December) in the Puerto Rican sugar cane industry (Clark, 1930; Gayer, Homan, & James, 1938). We called this broad definition of exposure to poor nutrition and infectious diseases in model estimation exposure period , which identified whether the respondent had been born during the lean season or after the sugar cane harvest (July–December).…”

Section: Methods Done—see Blue Belowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant mortality, season of birth and the health of older Puerto Rican adults

McEniry¹

2011

Social Science & Medicine

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The increasing prevalence of heart disease and diabetes among aging populations in low and middle income countries leads to questions regarding the degree to which endogenous early life exposures (exposures in utero) are important determinants of these health conditions. We devised a test using infant mortality (IMR) to verify if season of birth is a good indicator of early life (in utero) conditions that precipitate adult onset of disease. We linked annual infant mortality (IMR) at the municipality (municipio) level from the late 1920s-early 1940s with individual birth year and place using a representative sample of older Puerto Rican adults (n=1447) from the Puerto Rican Elderly: Health Conditions (PREHCO) study. We then estimated the effects of season of birth on adult heart disease and diabetes for all respondents and then for respondents according to whether they were born when IMR was lower or higher, controlling for age, gender, obesity, respondent’s educational level, adult behavior (smoking and exercise) and other early life exposures (childhood health, knee height and childhood socioeconomic status (SES)). The pattern of effects suggests that season of birth reflects endogenous causes: (1) odds of heart disease and diabetes were strong and significant for those born during the lean season in years when IMR was lower; (2) effects remained consistent even after controlling for other childhood conditions and adult behavior; but (3) no seasonality effects on adult health for adults born when IMR was higher. We conclude that in this population of older Puerto Rican adults there is continued support that the timing of adverse endogenous (in utero) conditions such as poor nutrition and infectious diseases may be associated with adult heart disease and diabetes. It will be important to test the validity of these findings in other similar populations in the developing world.

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“…52 See for example, anderson 1988larkin 1993. 53 By the 1930s, analysts of the puerto rican sugar industry noted that industrial concentration and foreign ownership in particular had become fodder for political action; see Gayer, Homan, and James 1938. in Hawaii, Kanaka maoli (native or indigenous) opposition to US annexation noted the political control of the republic of Hawaii, whose government passed the enabling legislation, by "white" and "alien" interests; see Kaho'okano et al 1897. 54 Bergad 1978;Quintero-rivera 1986. produced over 90 percent of the pineapples farmed globally.…”

Section: Philippine Decolonization In Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trade Competition and American Decolonization

Pepinsky¹

2015

World Pol.

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This article proposes a political economy approach to decolonization. Focusing on the industrial organization of agriculture, it argues that competition between colonial and metropolitan producers creates demands for decolonization from within the metropole when colonies have broad export profiles and when export industries are controlled by colonial, as opposed to metropolitan, interests. The author applies this framework to the United States in the early 1900s, showing that different structures of the colonial sugar industries in the Philippines, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico–diverse exports with dispersed local ownership versus monocrop economies dominated by large US firms–explain why protectionist continental-agriculture interests agitated so effectively for independence for the Philippines, but not for Hawaii or Puerto Rico. A comparative historical analysis of the three colonial economies and the Philippine independence debates complemented by a statistical analysis of roll call votes in the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act supports the argument. In providing a new perspective on economic relations in the late-colonial era, the argument highlights issues of trade and empire in US history that span the subfields of American political development, comparative politics, and international political economy.

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The Sugar Economy of Puerto Rico

Cited by 25 publications

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Early Life Exposure to Poor Nutrition and Infectious Diseases and Its Effects on the Health of Older Puerto Rican Adults

Early Life Exposure to Poor Nutrition and Infectious Diseases and Its Effects on the Health of Older Puerto Rican Adults

Infant mortality, season of birth and the health of older Puerto Rican adults

Trade Competition and American Decolonization

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