The Successful Completion of Probation and Parole Among Female Offenders

Effective interventions for drug using women offenders: A narrative literature review

“…If interventions only address one or two needs whilst ignoring other compelling issues they are unlikely to be successful (O'Brien and Young, 2006). If treatment is predominantly provided within the criminal justice system connection with wider services outside of the system will be necessary in order to meet DUWOs' wide range of needs (Carmichael et al, 2007). Hall et al (2013) also emphasise that treatment must be of sufficient intensity and duration given the particularly entrenched and complex issues DUWOs face and their high risk of relapse and re-offending.…”

Collaborating for consensus: Considerations for convening Coalition stakeholders to promote a gender-based approach to addressing the health needs of sex workers

“…Officers recognized both the public health effects of drug crimes and prostitution and the commensurate social service needs; however, their focus is on the criminality of the acts rather than on the offender's need for services. One difficulty noted in offering victims' services to sex workers is that indicating that someone is a victim triggers the use of state resources (limitation of state providing financial assistance to someone who is also an offender) (Carmichael, Gover, Koons, & Inabit, 2005;Champney & Silverman, 2011).…”

Women, serious mental illness and recidivism

“…Those studies that do investigate mental illness and incarceration tend to treat mental illness as a homogenous variable and do not account for variations such as illness severity, clinical or correctional history, all of which construct significantly different situations for incarcerated women and men. When it comes to mental illness and incarceration, growing numbers of healthcare providers, researchers, and policy makers acknowledge that gender does matter (Blitz et al, 2005; Carmichael et al, 2005; Greene et al, 2006; Gunter, 2006; Lewis, 2006). However, most related research still does not account for gender‐based differences, the conditions that produce them, or their effects on recidivism and length of community tenure for women with serious mental illness (SMI) released from prison.…”

“…Clinicians and researchers continue to note a persistent gap in research exploring the specific situation or needs of incarcerated women with mental illness (Abram, Teplin, & McClelland, 2003; Blum, 2007; Gondles, 2000; Greene, Pranis, & Frost, 2006; Lord, 2008; Parsons, Walker, & Grubin, 2001; Sacks, 2004; Teplin, Abram, & McClelland, 1996, 1997). This gap lingers even as recent findings confirm that women with histories of mental illness are at higher risk for reincarceration than women without such histories (Bates, 2004; James & Glaze, 2006) and despite notable recognition that women engaged with the mental health or criminal justice systems face differing sets of challenges and circumstances than men in similar situations (Blanchette & Brown, 2006; Blitz, Wolff, Pan, & Pogorzelski, 2005; Carmichael, Gover, Koons, & Inabit, 2005; Earthrowl & McCully, 2002; Farkas & Hrouda, 2007; Gunter, 2006; Lewis, 2006; Lord, 2008; Messina & Grella, 2006; Rutherford & Taylor, 2004; Vigilante et al, 1999).…”