The success of the fertilization and early larval development of the tropical sea urchin Echinometra lucunter (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) is affected by the pH decrease and temperature increase

Combined effect of microplastics and global warming factors on early growth and development of the sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus)

“…On the counterpart, in Heliocidaris erythrogramma the decrease in pH does not produce major effects in terms of development, but temperature affects the normal embryo and larval development (Byrne et al, 2009). As a general rule, the combination of both parameters generates a stress that provokes a delay in growth and/or several complications on their development (Morley et al, 2016;Pereira et al, 2020;Wolfe et al, 2013). Taken together, our results suggest that growth and development of P. lividus larvae can be severely affected in further scenarios of ocean warming and acidification as those predicted by FAO and IPCC (FAO, 2019;Krinner et al, 2013).…”

Post-bleaching alterations in coral reef communities

“…For example, sea urchin densities across the Chumbe Reef Sanctuary have been gradually declining, while fish densities have been gradually increasing between the years 2006 and 2015 (Kloiber, 2015). Another plausible explanation for observed low post-bleaching densities may be recruitment failure, arising from elevated SST on fertilization success, and also the development of larvae and juvenile sea urchins (Pereira et al, 2020;Gall et al, 2021;Leach et al, 2021).…”

The effects of temperature and pH on the reproductive ecology of sand dollars and sea urchins: Impacts on sperm swimming and fertilization

“…Moreover, the combined effects of temperature and pH on sperm swimming and fertilization success remain somewhat equivocal [ 52 ]. For tropical urchins in the southern hemisphere, there is contrasting evidence that temperature is more important than pH in affecting fertilization [ 58 ], as opposed to work that suggests both pH and temperature are significant determinants of fertilization [ 59 ] ( Table 1 ). The degree to which multiple environmental stressors such as temperature and pH influence these reproductive processes appears to be species-specific.…”