2021
DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2021.1906908
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The Subtle Role of Para-inflammation in Modulating the Progression of Dry Eye Disease

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Cited by 13 publications
(8 citation statements)
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“…Macrophages and monocytes are activated to promote epithelial cell recovery, and autophagy to maintain ocular surface homeostasis is decreased [116]. This indicates a state of ongoing inflammation of the ocular surface and its damage has not recovered [117,118]. Therefore, additional treatment is suggested with cyclosporine eye drops.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Macrophages and monocytes are activated to promote epithelial cell recovery, and autophagy to maintain ocular surface homeostasis is decreased [116]. This indicates a state of ongoing inflammation of the ocular surface and its damage has not recovered [117,118]. Therefore, additional treatment is suggested with cyclosporine eye drops.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A number of studies have investigated how para-inflammatory responses become dysregulated in diseases affecting various tissues and organs, including the eyes [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ], and there is some evidence that dysregulated para-inflammation is involved also in DED, which is a disease that affects the quality of life of more than 170 million people worldwide [ 11 ].…”
Section: Hormesis and Para-inflammation—an Adaptive Means Of Reacting...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The simultaneous appearance of dysregulated homeostasis and chronic sub-clinical inflammation is the starting point for the development of a stable, chronic inflammatory disease that leads to clearly evident ocular surface damage ( Figure 1 ) [ 11 ]. The oxidative process negatively affects not only the ocular surface but also the lipid layer of the tear film that, if oxidated, loses its fluidity and its ability to spread quickly over the mucosal-aqueous phase of the film, thus making it permeable to water and so eliminating its capacity to hinder tear film water evaporation.…”
Section: Para-inflammation As An Adaptive Response To Tissue Stressmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Other products contain carboxymethylcellulose and polyethylene glycol [ 4 ]. However, traditional lubricating eye drops can relieve the symptoms of DED but are poorly effective in counteracting specifically the main underlying pathological mechanism, namely dysregulated parainflammation, which has recently been recognized as an important pathogenetic step in the progression of tear dysfunction in DED [ 27 , 28 ]. Therefore, to act on this pathological factor as well, an innovative HA-based eye drops formulation has recently been placed on the market (Idroflog ® , Alfa Intes, Italy; class III medical device) [ 29 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%