The Subthalamic Nucleus in Parkinsonʼs Disease and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

“…Different pathways within the basal ganglia are characterized by specific neurochemical properties (Reiner et al, 1998). The STh shows intense immunoreactivity for PV (Celio, 1990;Parent et al, 1996;Hardman et al, 1997b;Hontanilla et al, 1998;Augood et al, 1999), and this protein was, therefore, used in our study to define the boundaries of the STh across species. Within the neuropil of the STh, labeling for PV occurs largely within EGP and motor cortex afferents as well as in STh neuronal dendrites and axonal processes.…”

Section: Immunohistochemical Delineation Of Boundaries Of Basal Ganglmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neurons of the SN were subdivided into its nondopaminergic (termed SNND) and dopaminergic (termed SND) components by using immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase. The boundaries of the STh were defined by its intense neuropil labeling for parvalbumin across all species (Celio, 1990;Hardman et al, 1997b;Augood et al, 1999). Labeling for these proteins within the basal ganglia has been extensively performed and shown to be consistent across species .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the basal ganglia in rats, marmosets, macaques, baboons, and humans: Volume and neuronal number for the output, internal relay, and striatal modulating nuclei

Hardman¹,

Henderson²,

Finkelstein³

et al. 2002

J of Comparative Neurology

222

176

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This study compares the basal ganglia of rats, marmosets, macaques, baboons, and humans. It uses established protocols to estimate the volume and number of neurons within the output nuclei (internal globus pallidus, IGP; and nondopaminergic substantia nigra, SNND), two internal relay and modulating nuclei (subthalamic nucleus, STh; and external globus pallidus, EGP), and a modulator of the striatum (dopaminergic substantia nigra, SND). Nuclear boundaries were defined by using immunohistochemistry for striatal afferents. Total numbers of Nissl-stained and parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons were calculated by using the fractionator technique. Comparisons between species were standardized relative to brain mass (rats < marmosets < macaques < baboons < humans). The EGP consistently had more neurons relative to the IGP, STh, and SND, which had similar neuronal numbers within each species. The SNND had proportionally more neurons in rats than in primates (especially humans). The distribution of SND neurons varied substantially between rats and primates (very few ventrally located neurons in rats) with humans containing fewer SND neurons than other primates. The reduction in SND neurons in humans suggests less dopaminergic regulation of the basal ganglia system compared with other species. The consistency in the number of IGP neurons across all species, combined with the reduction in SNND neurons in humans, suggests a greater emphasis on output pathways through the IGP and that there are proportionally more STh and EGP neurons in humans.

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“…[18][19][20][21] Isolated lesions of the GPe in people and primates also produce a hypokinetic syndrome similar to that seen in PD. [22][23][24][25] Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is another hypokinetic parkinsonian syndrome that is characterized by lesions in the substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus 26,27 as well as the globus pallidus. [28][29][30] It is currently thought that lesions and hyperstimulation of the subthalamic nucleus rectify the symptoms caused by degeneration of the SNc in patients with PD.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The external globus pallidus in patients with Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy

Hardman¹,

Halliday²

1999

Mov. Disord.

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The Subthalamic Nucleus in Parkinsonʼs Disease and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

Cited by 62 publications

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Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive elements in the human globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus

Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive elements in the human globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus

Comparison of the basal ganglia in rats, marmosets, macaques, baboons, and humans: Volume and neuronal number for the output, internal relay, and striatal modulating nuclei

The external globus pallidus in patients with Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy

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