“…Subsequently, from the early-middle Miocene, exhumation rates increased significantly possibly in response to a more advanced stage of the Arabia-Eurasia collision (e.g., Axen et al, 2001;Ballato et al, 2013Ballato et al, , 2015Guest et al, 2006bGuest et al, , 2007Madanipour et al, 2017;Paknia et al, 2021;Rezaeian et al, 2012). To the north, the South Caspian Basin appears to have started subducting beneath Eurasia at least from the late Miocene (e.g., Mammadov, 2008), possibly when the TAK range started bending around the South Caspian Basin (e.g., Cifelli et al, 2015;Mattei et al, 2017) or following the rapid sediment loading triggered by the ∼ 6 to 3 Ma, km-scale (0.6 to 1.4km) base-level fall in the Caspian Sea.…”