“…Different types of PAS, such as performance-based (Kivistö et al , 2017), competence-based (Mikkonen et al , 2018), and position-based (Yin, 2016), exist in HRM practice. Individual, quantitative and short-term measures characterise PAS used for the AEs in higher education (Melo et al , 2010; Alach, 2017).…”