The study of driver's reaction for traffic information on actual driving and DS using fNIRS

A Methodological Review of fNIRS in Driving Research: Relevance to the Future of Autonomous Vehicles

“…Moreover, within simulated environments researchers may observe drivers in states (e.g., drowsiness) that would be too dangerous or irresponsible to observe in real-world driving. While simulated environments may require similar driver movements, many other mediating factors that affect the fNIRS signal during real driving are not present ( Yamamoto et al, 2018 ). For example, imperfections in road conditions combined with road camber, centrifugal forces, wind, and unique characteristics of the automobile also introduce sources of noise that may not be easily captured in a driving simulator ( Yamamoto et al, 2018 ).…”

“…While simulated environments may require similar driver movements, many other mediating factors that affect the fNIRS signal during real driving are not present ( Yamamoto et al, 2018 ). For example, imperfections in road conditions combined with road camber, centrifugal forces, wind, and unique characteristics of the automobile also introduce sources of noise that may not be easily captured in a driving simulator ( Yamamoto et al, 2018 ). Another consideration regarding the task environment is the effect that the driving environment may have on the data.…”

“…Among the papers reviewed here, 23 did not report information regarding the driving familiarization task used. Participants were allowed to experience the driving environment (simulated or on-road) within 18 studies ( Li et al, 2009 ; Shimizu et al, 2009 ; Liu, 2014 ; Khan and Hong, 2015 ; Pradhan et al, 2015 ; Oka et al, 2015 ; Ahn et al, 2016 ; Foy et al, 2016 ; Sibi et al, 2016 ; Horrey et al, 2017 ; Chuang et al, 2018 ; Ihme et al, 2018 ; Yamamoto et al, 2018 , 2019 ; Khan et al, 2019 ; Lin et al, 2019 ; Sturman and Wiggins, 2019 ; Tanveer et al, 2019 ), and seven studies allowed participants to familiarize themselves with the driving environment and task-related stimuli ( Tsunashima and Yanagisawa, 2009 ; Yoshino et al, 2013a , b ; Unni et al, 2015 ; Balters et al, 2017 ; Sibi et al, 2017 ; Scheunemann et al, 2019 ). Only four studies reported a physiological baseline task (i.e., task designed to allow participants’ cortical activity to settle into a resting level), including sitting quietly with or without eyes open for a period of 2 min ( Zhu et al, 2019 ), 5 min ( Li et al, 2018 ), 10 min ( Li et al, 2009 ), or 20 min ( Xu G. et al, 2017 ).…”

“…Two studies opted to bin a long time series (i.e., 15 s to 60 min) into multiple “chunks” ( Li et al, 2009 ; Lin et al, 2019 ). The remainder of these studies provided no information about the duration ( Harada et al, 2007 ; Yoshino et al, 2013a , b ; Inoue et al, 2014 ; Liu, 2014 ; Orino et al, 2015 , 2017 ; Yamamoto et al, 2018 , 2019 ). Nineteen studies employed analytical approaches that may be considered more complex than block averaging including GLM ( Balters et al, 2017 ; Sibi et al, 2017 ; Bruno et al, 2018 ), functional connectivity ( Liu et al, 2017 ; Xu G. et al, 2017 ; Xu L. et al, 2017 ), linear regression ( Unni et al, 2015 , 2017 ), logistic regression ( Ihme et al, 2018 ; Scheunemann et al, 2019 ), machine learning ( Huve et al, 2018 , 2019 ; Khan et al, 2019 ; Tanveer et al, 2019 ), frequency power analysis ( Chuang et al, 2018 ), factor analysis ( FakhrHosseini et al, 2015 ), and linear discriminant analysis ( Khan and Hong, 2015 ).…”

“…As depicted in Figure 4 , the most common placement of optodes was over the prefrontal cortex (PFC), with 56% of all studies reporting placement solely over the PFC ( Harada et al, 2007 ; Li et al, 2009 ; Tomioka et al, 2009 ; Tsunashima and Yanagisawa, 2009 ; Shimizu T. et al, 2011 ; Nakano et al, 2013 ; Inoue et al, 2014 ; Liu, 2014 ; FakhrHosseini et al, 2015 ; Khan and Hong, 2015 ; Pradhan et al, 2015 ; Ahn et al, 2016 ; Foy et al, 2016 ; Nosrati et al, 2016 ; Sibi et al, 2016 , 2017 ; Balters et al, 2017 ; Horrey et al, 2017 ; Nguyen et al, 2017 ; Foy and Chapman, 2018 ; Huve et al, 2018 , 2019 ; Le et al, 2018 ; Li et al, 2018 ; Khan et al, 2019 ; Sturman and Wiggins, 2019 ; Tanveer et al, 2019 ). Twenty-one studies (44%) report placement over the PFC as well as the motor ( Yoshino et al, 2013a , b ; Oka et al, 2015 ; Orino et al, 2015 ; Xu G. et al, 2017 ; Xu L. et al, 2017 ; Chuang et al, 2018 ), occipital ( Shang et al, 2007 ; Shimizu et al, 2009 ; Unni et al, 2017 ; Xu G. et al, 2017 ; Ihme et al, 2018 ; Hidalgo-Munoz et al, 2019 ; Zhu et al, 2019 ), and parietal ( Yoshino et al, 2013a , b ; Oka et al, 2015 ; Orino et al, 2015 ; Unni et al, 2015 , 2017 ; Bruno et al, 2018 ; Chuang et al, 2018 ; Ihme et al, 2018 ; Yamamoto et al, 2018 , 2019 ; Hidalgo-Munoz et al, 2019 ; Zhu ...…”