The study of carbon half-cell voltage in lithium-ion secondary batteries

Overview of Recycling Techniques for Lithium-Ion Batteries

“…The slag is then subjected to leaching and precipitation processes to obtain LiCl. 3,[5][6][7] The OnTo recycling process consists of several steps. It begins with the cleaning and disassembly of discharged LIBs.…”

“…LIBs undergo size reduction, and are then subjected to separation processes involving wet shaking tables, gravity, and magnetic separation to obtain active materials. 3,5 The Retriev process uses cryogenic physical-mechanical pretreatment and hydrometallurgical treatment for recycling LIBs. The process begins by cooling the LIBs using liquid nitrogen, bringing the temperature down to −196 °C.…”

“…The next marketable product is the filter cake containing Ni, Mn, Co, and Cu. 2,5,[8][9][10] The Umicore ValÉas process combines both pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods for recycling LIBs. LIBs are fed directly into furnaces without prior treatment.…”

“…However, a drawback of this process is its incomplete utilisation of the entire material potential of the used LIBs, as the lithium ends up in the slag without further processing. 2,5,11,12 Akkuser recycling technology relies on physical-mechanical pretreatment for the processing of LIBs. The process initiates with size reduction using a knife mill to achieve fractions within the size range from 12.5 to 25 mm.…”

“…While these proportions may slightly differ among manufacturers, the presence of various components requires significant effort for the comprehensive processing of different types of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) together. [5][6][7][8]…”