The Studies of Chlorogenic Acid Antitumor Mechanism by Gene Chip Detection: The Immune Pathway Gene Expression

Abstract

Persistently increasing incident of cancer in human beings has served to emphasize the importance of studies on mechanism of antitumor substances. Chlorogenic acid (CA), extracted from folium cortex eucommiae, has been confirmed to have lots of biological activities encompassing inhibition of tumor. However, the anticancer mechanism of CA remains unclear. Here, we have utilized a whole mouse genome oligo microarray (4∗44K) to analyze gene expression level of female BALB/c mice (implanted with EMT-6 sarcoma cells) after treatment with low, medium, and high-dose CA (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 20 mg/kg), docetaxel, interferon, and normal saline separately at 6 time points (3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th, 15th, and 18th days after administration). Differentially expressed genes screened out by time-series analysis, GO analysis, and pathway analysis, and four immune-related genes were selected for further confirmation using RT-qPCR. The results demonstrated that CA is able to change gene expression and that the responsive genes (CaN, NFATC2, NFATC2ip, and NFATC3) involved in immune pathways had been significantly upregulated by CA. Expression of immune factors such as IL-2R and IFN-γ can be improved by CA to promote activation and proliferation of T cells, macrophages, and NK cells, thus enhancing their surveillance and killing abilities, further suppressing the growth rate of tumor cells.

Brown Algae <i>Himantothallus grandifolius</i> (Desmarestiales, Phaeophyceae) Suppresses Proliferation and Promotes Apoptosis-Mediated Cell Death in Tumor Cells

“…CHL was able to inhibit metalloproteinases MMP-9 [30], microsomal glucose-6-phosphate translocase of U-87 of brain tumor-derived glioma cells [31] and inhibit proliferation of A549 human cancer cells due to the inhibitory effects on TPA-or NF-B, Activator Protein-1, and MAPK signaling [32]. Recently, the chlorogenic acid was shown to be able to inhibit tumor progression by changing gene expression involved in immune pathways [33].…”

Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Methanol Extracts of Some Medicinal Plants on P19 Embryonal Carcinoma Cells

“…Furthermore, ethanoic extract of mulberry leaf can induce differentiation of neuroblastoma stem cell-like population as a CSC, which is approved by down regulation of stem cell markers and up regulation of differentiation markers (Park et al, 2012). M. alba leaves contain abundant varieties of polyphenols, including chlorogenic acid, rutin, isoquercitrin, quercetin, astragalin and kaempferol (Doi et al, 2001), which are considered as strong anticancer agents (Zhou et al, 2010, Tang et al, 2010, Zheng et al, 2012, Jo et al, 2015, Kim and Choi, 2013, Naso et al, 2014, Kang et al, 2013, Amado et al, 2014. Moreover, Peter Kollar et al, showed differentiation induction of THP-1 human monocytic leukemia cells by prenyl flavonoid 4´-o-methylkuwanon E (4ME) isolated from mulberry (Kollar et al, 2013).…”

A new method of ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for determination of chlorogenic acid in human plasma and urine

“…Chlorogenic acid (CA), a type of depside formed by caffeic acid and quinic acid, is a polyphenolic natural compound commonly found in plants such as apples, grapes, pulp, peel, and tea leaves, especially honeysuckle and Eucommia ulmoides. 1,2 It is usually extracted from the flower buds of Lonicera confuse and folium cortex eucommiae, both of which are Chinese medical materials with important effects. CA has a wide range of biological activities including antibacterial, antiviral, antihistaminic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hepatoprotective, anticancer, and neuroprotective properties.…”