The struggle to be thin: a survey of anorexic and bulimic symptoms in a non-referred adolescent population

Whitaker, Agnes H.; Davies, Mark; Shaffer, David; Johnson, Jim; Abrams, Sari; Walsh, B. Timothy; Kalikow, Kevin T.

doi:10.1017/s0033291700011107

Cited by 183 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…These methods have included unstructured interviews with children, as well as instruments such as the Kids' Eating Disorders Survey (KEDS) 10 and the Eating Symptoms Inventory (ESI), 11 both of which do not assess loss of control, one of the defining features of binge eating. Because of subjective differences in the definition, loss of control is difficult to measure.…”

Section: Assessment Of Bed In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[10][11][12][13][14][15][16] For example, when using the ChEDE, studies have found a 0% prevalence of BED 22,23 ; however, 7.9% of children aged 10-16 seeking outpatient weight loss treatment reported subthreshold binge eating 22 and of children aged 6-14, 6.2%, 3.1%, and 20.4% reported objective binge episodes, subjective binge episodes, and overeating, respectively. 23 When using the QEWP-A, although only 5.3% of children aged 6-10 met BED criteria, 33.1% reported loss of control over eating.…”

Section: Prevalence Of Bed In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluating binge eating disorder in children: Development of the children's binge eating disorder scale (C‐BEDS)

Shapiro

Woolson

Hamer

et al. 2006

Intl J Eating Disorders

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Objective: Binge eating disorder (BED) may manifest itself differently in children than adults. Recently researchers have proposed provisional criteria for measuring BED in children. The purpose of this study was to develop a brief, simple, structured, interviewer-administered scale (C-BEDS) to measure BED in children according to the provisional criteria and to compare diagnostic results with SCID diagnoses.Method: A total of 55 children between the ages of 5 and 13 were interviewed with both the SCID and the C-BEDS.Results: There was a significant association between the two measures (p ¼ .001). Both measures adequately identified children with binge eating behaviors. Conclusion:Both the provisional criteria and the C-BEDS may be developmentally appropriate for use with children, although the C-BEDS may be a better screening instrument as it quickly identified children with subsyndromal BED. If used by physicians and other health providers, this brief measure may assist with identifying early onset binge eating behaviors and avoiding the associated consequences, including adult BED, obesity, and other comorbidities. V

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Section: Assessment Of Bed In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Prevalence Of Bed In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating binge eating disorder in children: Development of the children's binge eating disorder scale (C‐BEDS)

Shapiro

Woolson

Hamer

et al. 2006

Intl J Eating Disorders

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“…The incidence of stress-related psychiatric disorders, particularly depression, is significantly greater in females than in males (Earls, 1987;Whitaker et al, 1989;Breslau, 2001Breslau, , 2002Carter-Snell and Hegadoren, 2003;Kuehner, 2003). The role of stress in depression is particularly compelling, given that stressful life events can be identified in the majority of cases (Frank et al, 1994;Kendler et al, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexually Dimorphic Responses of the Brain Norepinephrine System to Stress and Corticotropin-Releasing Factor

Curtis

Bethea

Valentino

2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

185

193

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Stress-related psychiatric disorders are more prevalent in females than males, and this has been attributed to differences in stress sensitivity. As activation of the locus coeruleus (LC)-norepinephrine (NE) system is an important component of the stress response, this study compared LC responses to stress in female and male rats under different hormonal conditions in the halothane-anesthetized state. The mean basal LC discharge rate was similar between groups. However, the magnitude of LC activation elicited by hypotensive stress was substantially greater in females, regardless of hormonal status. The difference in stress sensitivity could be attributed to the differential postsynaptic sensitivity of LC neurons to corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), which mediates LC activation by hypotension. CRF was 10-30 times more potent in activating LC neurons in female vs male rats. Interestingly, previous exposure to swim stress differentially regulated LC responses to CRF by sensitizing LC neurons of male, but not female, rats to CRF. The net effect of this was to abolish sex differences in LC sensitivity. Finally, CRF receptor (CRF-R) protein levels in the LC were greater in ovarectomized female vs male rats. This is the first study to demonstrate sex differences in the stress responsiveness of the brain noradrenergic system. Substantial sex differences were apparent in postsynaptic sensitivity to CRF and stress-induced regulation of postsynaptic sensitivity to CRF. These sex differences in the CRF regulation of the LC-NE system translate to a differential response to stress and may play a role in the increased vulnerability of females to stress-related psychiatric disorders.

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“…23 Reports for height were found to be accurate and unbiased whereas heavy girls tended to underestimate their weight; however, the bias was minimal (-2.5 kg). By definition, premenarchal girls were not considered to be at risk for secondary amenorrhea.…”

Section: Study Sample and Measuresmentioning

confidence: 83%

Adolescent smoking, weight changes, and binge-purge behavior: associations with secondary amenorrhea.

Johnson¹,

Whitaker²

1992

Am J Public Health

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BACKGROUND. The association of secondary amenorrhea with extreme forms of substance use, weight control, and exercise in nonrepresentative samples raises questions as to whether adolescents in the general population who engage in these behaviors are at increased risk for secondary amenorrhea. We examined the prevalence and behavioral correlates of secondary amenorrhea in a county-wide high school population of 2544 girls aged 13 to 18. METHODS. A survey questionnaire, which elicited menstrual history as well as weight history, weight control practices, level of exercise, and use of cigarettes, wine, and beer, was administered during school hours; absentees were also surveyed. The completion rate was 91%. RESULTS. The 1-year prevalence of secondary amenorrhea was 8.5%. Secondary amenorrhea was associated with smoking one or more packs of cigarettes per day (adjusted relative risk [RRa] = 1.96, 1.21-3.10), with multiple binge-eating behaviors in combination with laxative use or self-induced vomiting (RRa = 4.17, 2.54-6.32), and with weight fluctuation due to weight control (RRa = 2.59, 1.33-4.79). There was no association between amenorrhea and alcohol consumption or exercise level. CONCLUSIONS. Estimates of attributable risk are provided and indicate that bulimic behaviors and cigarette smoking may result in a considerable excess of cases of secondary amenorrhea in an adolescent population.

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The struggle to be thin: a survey of anorexic and bulimic symptoms in a non-referred adolescent population

Cited by 183 publications

References 47 publications

Evaluating binge eating disorder in children: Development of the children's binge eating disorder scale (C‐BEDS)

Evaluating binge eating disorder in children: Development of the children's binge eating disorder scale (C‐BEDS)

Sexually Dimorphic Responses of the Brain Norepinephrine System to Stress and Corticotropin-Releasing Factor

Adolescent smoking, weight changes, and binge-purge behavior: associations with secondary amenorrhea.

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