The structure of the gas bladder of the spotted gar, <scp>L</scp>episosteus oculatus

Icardo, José M.; Colvée, Elvira; Lauriano, Eugenia Rita; Capillo, Gioele; Guerrera, Maria Cristina; Zaccone, Giacomo

doi:10.1002/jmor.20323

Cited by 29 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…The specialization for air-breathing may have arisen in fishes during the Silurian (from 438 million to 408 million years ago) [1–3], some millions of years before the origin and terrestrialization of the first tetrapods [4–11]. This specialization has probably emerged independently, as many structures (such as lung, skin and gills) named as air-breathing organs (ABOs) [1] can be involved in this process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lung anatomy and histology of the extant coelacanth shed light on the loss of air-breathing during deep-water adaptation in actinistians

et al. 2017

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Lungs are specialized organs originated from the posterior pharyngeal cavity and considered as plesiomorphic for osteichthyans, as they are found in extant basal actinopterygians (i.e. Polypterus) and in all major groups of extant sarcopterygians. The presence of a vestigial lung in adult stages of the extant coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae is the result of allometric growth during ontogeny, in relation with long-time adaptation to deep water. Here, we present the first detailed histological and anatomical description of the lung of Latimeria chalumnae, providing new insights into its arrested differentiation in an air-breathing complex, mainly represented by the absence of pneumocytes and of compartmentalization in the latest ontogenetic stages.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lung anatomy and histology of the extant coelacanth shed light on the loss of air-breathing during deep-water adaptation in actinistians

et al. 2017

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“…In garfish, the gas bladder opens into the pharynx, dorsal to the opening of the esophagus, through a longitudinal slit bordered by two glottal ridges. Caudal to the ridges, the bladder is an elongated sac divided into a central duct and right and left lobes . On the whole, the gas bladder is a membranous sac supported by a system of septa arising from the walls of a central duct.…”

Section: Putative Airway Chemoreceptors In Air‐breathing Fishmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Caudal to the ridges, the bladder is an elongated sac divided into a central duct and right and left lobes. 48 On the whole, the gas bladder is a membranous sac supported by a system of septa arising from the walls of a central duct. The central duct and the apical surface of the thickest septum are covered by a mucociliated epithelium containing NECs (Fig.…”

Section: Putative Airway Chemoreceptors In Air-breathing Fishmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These cells were located by 5-HT immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in the epithelium of the ediculae of Protopterus 51 and the pneumatic duct region, 52 and in the gas bladder of Polypterus bichir bichir, P. delhezi, and P. ornatipinnis. 47,48,51,53,54 Observations from confocal studies have indicated that NECs from P. bichir bichir are characterized by the presence of 5-HT and acetylcholine esterase (AChE), and coexpress tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Associated with 5-HT-positive NECs were nNOS-positive axons.…”

Section: Putative Chemoreceptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sensing and surviving hypoxia in vertebrates

Jonz

Buck

Perry

et al. 2015

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Surviving hypoxia is one of the most critical challenges faced by vertebrates. Most species have adapted to changing levels of oxygen in their environment with specialized organs that sense hypoxia, while only few have been uniquely adapted to survive prolonged periods of anoxia. The goal of this review is to present the most recent research on oxygen sensing, adaptation to hypoxia, and mechanisms of anoxia tolerance in nonmammalian vertebrates. We discuss the respiratory structures in fish, including the skin, gills, and air-breathing organs, and recent evidence for chemosensory neuroepithelial cells (NECs) in these tissues that initiate reflex responses to hypoxia. The use of the zebrafish as a genetic and developmental model has allowed observation of the ontogenesis of respiratory and chemosensory systems, demonstration of a putative intracellular O2 sensor in chemoreceptors that may initiate transduction of the hypoxia signal, and investigation into the effects of extreme hypoxia on cardiorespiratory development. Other organisms, such as goldfish and freshwater turtles, display a high degree of anoxia tolerance, and these models are revealing important adaptations at the cellular level, such as the regulation of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission in defense of homeostasis in central neurons.

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“…Very recently, Icardo et al. () reported new data on the connection between the swim bladder and the pharynx, the structure and ultrastructure of the bladder wall, and the composition of the respiratory epithelium. Neuroepithelial cells (NECs) and an extensive wall innervation are present in the swim bladder, and this demonstrates that its function is under neuronal control (Zaccone et al., ,b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Hypoxia and Hyperoxia on Growth and Expression of Hypoxia‐Related Genes and Proteins in Spotted Gar Lepisosteus oculatus Larvae and Juveniles

et al. 2016

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We studied the molecular responses to different water oxygen levels in gills and swim bladder of spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus), a bimodal breather. Fish at swim-up stage were exposed for 71 days to normoxic, hypoxic, and hyperoxic water conditions. Then, all aquaria were switched to normoxic conditions for recovery until the end of the experiment (120 days). Fish were sampled at the beginning of the experiment, and then at 71 days of exposure and at 8 days of recovery. We first cloned three hypoxia-related genes, hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α), Na(+) /H(+) exchanger 1 (NHE-1), and NHE-3, and uploaded their cDNA sequences in the GeneBank database. We then used One Step Taqman® real-time PCR to quantify the mRNA copies of target genes in gills and swim bladder of fish exposed to different water O2 levels. We also determined the protein expression of HIF-2α and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the swim bladder by using confocal immunofluorescence. Hypoxic stress for 71 days significantly increased the mRNA copies of HIF-2α and NHE-1 in gills and swim bladder, whereas normoxic recovery for 8 days decreased the HIF-2α mRNA copies to control values in both tissues. We did not found significant changes in mRNA copies of the NHE-3 gene in either gills or swim bladder in response to hypoxia and hyperoxia. Unlike in normoxic swim bladder, double immunohistochemical staining in hypoxic and hyperoxic swim bladder using nNOS/HIF-2α showed extensive bundles of HIF-2α-positive nerve fibers in the trabecular musculature associated with a few varicose nNOS immunoreactive nerve terminals.

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The structure of the gas bladder of the spotted gar, Lepisosteus oculatus

Cited by 29 publications

References 30 publications

Lung anatomy and histology of the extant coelacanth shed light on the loss of air-breathing during deep-water adaptation in actinistians

Lung anatomy and histology of the extant coelacanth shed light on the loss of air-breathing during deep-water adaptation in actinistians

Sensing and surviving hypoxia in vertebrates

The Effect of Hypoxia and Hyperoxia on Growth and Expression of Hypoxia‐Related Genes and Proteins in Spotted Gar Lepisosteus oculatus Larvae and Juveniles

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