The Structure of Neuroglial Cells

Vaughan, Deborah W.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6610-6_10

Cited by 35 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Astrocytic proliferation occurs when the blood-brain barrier is disrupted and it is accompanied by scar formation (Schult and Pease, 1959;Latov et al, 1979;Janeczko, 1988;Mansour et al, 1990). Although the identification of glial cell subtypes must reside on the immunocytochemical visualization of specific markers (Privat et al, 19951, the changes we have observed in the present experiments involve glial cells which, on the basis of their size and staining features, appear to be astrocytes (Vaughn, 1984;Peters et al, 1991). These findings resemble those of Lurie and Rubel (19941, who showed that astrocyte proliferation occurs in the cochlear nucleus following dederentation.…”

Section: A Role For Glial Cells In Cortical Reorganization?mentioning

confidence: 73%

Changes in glutamate immunoreactivity in the somatic sensory cortex of adult monkeys induced by nerve cuts

1996

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Antibodies to glutamate (Glu) were used to study the effects of reduced afferent input on excitatory neurons in the somatic sensory cortex of adult monkeys. In each monkey, immunocytochemical staining was compared to thionin and cytochrome oxidase (CO) staining in adjacent sections. In the cervical spinal cord, dorsal column nuclei, ventroposterior thalamus, and primary somatic sensory cortex (SI), Glu immunoreactivity (Glu-ir) was analogous to that described in normal animals; regions with reduced or absent Glu-ir were never observed and no appreciable differences were noted between the experimental and normal side. There were also no differences in CO or thionin-stained sections from the affected hemisphere. In the insuloparietal operculum, sections in the hemisphere contralateral to the nerve cut showed that most cortical fields had a normal pattern of Glu-ir (pattern a), some exhibited a reduction of Glu-ir (pattern b), and that in the central portion of the upper bank of the central sulcus, which corresponds to the general location of the hand representation of the second somatic sensory cortex (SII), Glu-ir had virtually disappeared (pattern c). Adjacent sections processed for CO or stained with thionin showed that in the regions corresponding to those characterized by pattern c, CO was slightly decreased and that glial cells had increased in number. In the regions of SII characterized by pattern c, small intensely stained glial cells displayed Glu-ir. These findings indicate that Glu-ir is regulated by afferent activity and suggest that changes in Glu levels in neurons as well as in glial cells may trigger the biochemical processes underlying the functional and structural changes occurring during a slow phase of reorganizational plasticity in the cerebral cortex of adult monkeys.

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Section: A Role For Glial Cells In Cortical Reorganization?mentioning

confidence: 73%

Changes in glutamate immunoreactivity in the somatic sensory cortex of adult monkeys induced by nerve cuts

1996

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“…Neocortical immunolabeled neurons were counted in two subregions within each area that included superficial (layers II and III) or deep (below layer III) cortical layers. The numbers of immunoreactive interneurons and of counterstained neurons, as assessed by morphological criteria that characterize the neuronal nuclei (Peters et al, 1991;Vaughan, 1984), were stereologically estimated in the cortex. The barrel field region of the somatosensory cortex was analyzed in each section of the series in which it was present, whereas the motor cortex was analyzed in 1 of every 2 sections in the series.…”

Section: Quantitative Stereologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective cortical interneuron and GABA deficits in cyclin D2-null mice

et al. 2007

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In contrast to cyclin D1 nulls (cD1 -/-), mice without cyclin D2 (cD2 -/-) lack cerebellar stellate interneurons; the reason for this is unknown. In the present study in cortex, we found a disproportionate loss of parvalbumin (PV) interneurons in cD2 -/-mice. This selective reduction in PV subtypes was associated with reduced frequency of GABA-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents in pyramidal neurons, as measured by voltage-clamp recordings, and increased cortical sharp activity in the EEGs of awake-behaving cD2 -/-mice. Cell cycle regulation was examined in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), the major source of PV interneurons in mouse brain, and differences between cD2 -/-and cD1 -/-suggested that cD2 promotes subventricular zone (SVZ) divisions, exerting a stronger inhibitory influence on the p27 Cdk-inhibitor (Cdkn1b) to delay cell cycle exit of progenitors. We propose that cD2 promotes transit-amplifying divisions in the SVZ and that these ensure proper output of at least a subset of PV interneurons.

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“…1). By analyzing nuclear and cytoplasmic features, all lacZ-positive cells were classified according to established ultrastructural criteria (Blakemore, 1969;Parnavelas et al, 1983;Peters et al, 1991;Skoff et al, 1976;Vaughan, 1984). They fell into one of three cell types: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and undifferentiated cells of the subependy-ma1 layer, referred to as immature cells.…”

Section: Ultrastructural Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Divergent lineages for oligodendrocytes and astrocytes originating in the neonatal forebrain subventricular zone

Luskin

McDermott

1994

Glia

159

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Although previous studies have revealed that the prenatal rat ventricular zone contains separate progenitor cells for neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes during the development of the cerebral cortex as early as the beginning of neurogenesis (Luskin et al., 1993; Grove et al., 1993), it is still unclear whether there are bipotential progenitor cells in the neonatal telencephalic subventricular zone which give rise to both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes during the peak of gliogenesis. To investigate this possibility, discrete groups of clonally related cells, generated by infecting progenitor cells of the neonatal subventricular zone with a retroviral lineage tracer, were analyzed ultrastructurally. An intracerebral injection of retrovirus encoding the reporter gene E. coli beta-galactosidase (lacZ) was made into the subventricular zone of newborn rats. Two weeks later their brains were perfused, sectioned, and histochemically reacted with X-Gal to identify at the light microscopic level clones of lacZ-positive cells. The sections were processed for electron microscopy to enable the identity of clonally related cells to be assessed at the ultrastructural level. All of the clones analyzed contained cells of the same phenotype and could be divided into four distinct types: immature cell clones situated in the subependymal zone surrounding the lateral ventricle, oligodendrocytes clones, and white or gray matter astrocyte clones. Not all of the cells in every clone displayed ultrastructural features of a mature cell. Rather, in some glial clones the lacZ-positive cells appeared to be at different stages of differentiation. However, we never encountered clones which contained both macroglial subtypes or clones containing neurons. Although the existence of bipotential progenitor cells cannot be completely dismissed, our results indicate the absence of progenitor cells in vivo in the neonatal subventricular zone which divide and generate astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.

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The Structure of Neuroglial Cells

Cited by 35 publications

References 86 publications

Changes in glutamate immunoreactivity in the somatic sensory cortex of adult monkeys induced by nerve cuts

Changes in glutamate immunoreactivity in the somatic sensory cortex of adult monkeys induced by nerve cuts

Selective cortical interneuron and GABA deficits in cyclin D2-null mice

Divergent lineages for oligodendrocytes and astrocytes originating in the neonatal forebrain subventricular zone

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