ABSTRACT. An endpoint of chainable continuum is a point at which it is always possible to start chaining that continuum.Some endpoints appear to have the property that one is almost "forced" to start (or finish) the chaining at these points. This paper characterizes these "absolute endpoints", and this characterization is used to show that in a chainable continuum locally connected at p is equivalent to connected im kleinen at p.
Introduction.Roughly speaking, an endpoint of a chainable continuum is a point at, which it is always possible to start chaining that continuum. R. H. Bing used this notion to study chainable continua in general and the pseudo-arc in particular in several of his landmark papers [2,3,4]. Some endpoints of chainable continua appear to have the additional property that, not only is it possible to start chaining there, but that a person is practically "forced" to start (or finish) the chaining at those points. The main purpose of this paper is to characterize these "absolute endpoints".Along the way, we will use their characterization to show that, in a chainable continuum, locally connected at p is equivalent to connected im kleinen at p. This answers a question R. H. Bing asked me in conversation. This paper is affectionately dedicated to the memory of Professor Bing.