“…A commercially available hot-pressed and sintered ceramic TiO 2 disc (99.995% purity Elecmat, USA) with a 52 mm diameter and a 6 mm thickness was used as the sputtering target. TiO 2 ceramic targets can be used in dcMS, provided they have reasonable electrical conduction [16]. The TiO 2 oxide targets are a semiconductor, having a sufficient conductivity of about 0.32 U-cm as a target for dcMS [17].…”