“…The Boreal Realm includes Russia, northern Europe, Greenland, and Alaska; the Tethys includes the areas further south. The paleobiogeographic patterns have been well documented for various groups of marine organisms, in particular, for calcareous nannofossils [ Wagreich , 1992; Mutterlose , 1992; Mutterlose and Kessels , 2000; Street and Bown , 2000], brachiopods [ Michalik , 1992], ammonites [ Hoedemaeker , 1990; Rawson , 1994], belemnites [ Doyle , 1987; Mutterlose , 1988], and bivalves [ Dhondt and Dieni , 1989; Dhondt , 1992]. Endemic marine biota are typical for this interval; the restricted epicontinental seas favored in situ evolution.…”