The Stroop test as a measure of performance validity in adults clinically referred for neuropsychological assessment.

Abstract

This study was designed to develop performance validity indicators embedded within the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function Systems (D-KEFS) version of the Stroop task. Archival data from a mixed clinical sample of 132 patients (50% male; M = 43.4; M = 14.1) clinically referred for neuropsychological assessment were analyzed. Criterion measures included the Warrington Recognition Memory Test-Words and 2 composites based on several independent validity indicators. An age-corrected scaled score ≤6 on any of the 4 trials reliably differentiated psychometrically defined credible and noncredible response sets with high specificity (.87-.94) and variable sensitivity (.34-.71). An inverted Stroop effect was less sensitive (.14-.29), but comparably specific (.85-90) to invalid performance. Aggregating the newly developed D-KEFS Stroop validity indicators further improved classification accuracy. Failing the validity cutoffs was unrelated to self-reported depression or anxiety. However, it was associated with elevated somatic symptom report. In addition to processing speed and executive function, the D-KEFS version of the Stroop task can function as a measure of performance validity. A multivariate approach to performance validity assessment is generally superior to univariate models. (PsycINFO Database Record

fNIRS-derived neurocognitive ratio as a biomarker for neuropsychiatric diseases

“…The Stroop task is one of the most favorable neuropsychological tests to investigate the cognitive impairments in attention and inhibition control. 31 , 60 – 62 The behavioral results in this paper confirm the claim that both the reaction times and accuracy rates are statistically different between healthy controls and patients with neuropsychiatric diseases as seen in Tables 3 and 4 and in Figs. 4(a) – 4(d) .…”

“…8(a) . In a study by Erdodi et al., 60 classification accuracy of inverted Stroop test metrics between healthy controls and patients that were clinically referred for neuropsychological assessment were found to be less sensitive (14% to 25%), but comparably specific (85% to 90%) while the findings in this study were contradictory with very high sensitivity (100%) but less specificity (77.6%) for this metric. Certainly there are many differences especially in the choice of subject groups, the Stroop test employed and the parameters used in the analysis of that study and this one, but it is evident that the behavioral parameters alone cannot yield high accuracies in classification for neuropsychological assessment.…”

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“…Several tests are available to the functional evaluation of cognitive parameters (Sanders and Lamers, 2002 ; Stins et al, 2007 ; Tsoi et al, 2015 ). Among them, the primary example of these tests are: STROOP Task (Erdodi et al, 2018 ), Simon Test (Stoet, 2017 ), Visual Spatial Attention (Tsai et al, 2016 ; Byun et al, 2017 ) and Eriksen Flanker Task (Swatridge et al, 2017 ; Baumgartner et al, 2018 ). The Visual Spatial Attention and Eriksen Flanker Task were used among the included studies.…”

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