The stress corrosion resistance of non magnetic stainless steels used in oil exploration

Smith, P.G.; Truman, J. E.; Gisborne, H. T.; Oakes, G.

doi:10.1007/bf02833520

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Directional drilling for oil and gas exploration is one of these industrial applications where austenitic stainless steels have found extensive use in spite of the demanding requirements in terms of corrosion resistance. [4][5][6][7] Manganese (Mn)-stabilized austenitic stainless steels are typically used in state-of-the-art drilling technology because of their excellent mechanical properties after strain-hardening, and the completely non-magnetic character of their microstructure, even in this condition. However, when subjected to chloride (Cl − )containing environments at elevated temperatures, which are not uncommon in drilling operations, CrMn-stainless steels might become prone to localized corrosion.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…SCC is, indeed, one of the most common causes of failure in drilling equipment manufactured using CrMn-stainless steels. 4,7 SCC cracks, mainly transgranular, have been seen in the majority of these events being related to the occurrence of localized corrosion or taking place at conditions where localized corrosion is expected to occur in CrMn-stainless steels.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Elucidating Nucleation Stages of Transgranular Stress Corrosion Cracking in Austenitic Stainless Steel by In Situ Electrochemical and Optical Methods

Klapper

Zajec

Heyn

et al. 2019

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The pitting and environmentally assisted cracking resistance of austenitic stainless steels (SS) is challenged in several industrial applications particularly those involving hot chloride-concentrated streams. Directional drilling used in the oil and gas exploration is one of these applications. Indeed, high strength CrMn-SS commonly used in drilling technology have a high tendency to fail by stress corrosion cracking (SCC) preceded by localized corrosion once subjected to highly chloride-concentrated drilling fluids at elevated temperatures. A comprehensive understanding regarding the mechanisms governing the transition from pitting into SCC is not currently available, though. Therefore, mechanistic aspects such as the effect of loading conditions on pit nucleation and repassivation as well as the synergistic effect between pit stabilization and the nucleation of a stress corrosion crack are of great practical significance. To investigate this an electrochemical-, optical-and mechanical-monitored SCC test was conducted on a CrMn-SS in an alkaline brine at elevated temperature. The transition from metastable to stable pitting and subsequently to SCC in this system was documented in-situ for the first time. Results supported H.S. Isaacs postulates regarding the interpretation of electrochemical signals and demonstrated that loading conditions affect pit nucleation and repassivation leading to a higher susceptibility of the material to pitting, which preceded SCC.

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Elucidating Nucleation Stages of Transgranular Stress Corrosion Cracking in Austenitic Stainless Steel by In Situ Electrochemical and Optical Methods

Klapper

Zajec

Heyn

et al. 2019

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Truman et al (Ref 10) showed that nitrogen increased the susceptibility to SCC because of its influence on stacking fault energy thereby reducing the tendency to cross slip which in turn will decrease the SCC resistance. On the other hand, some authors have reported beneficial effects due to the ability of nitrogen to stabilize the passive film ( Ref 11,12). Generally, pitting corrosion attack is followed by SCC and hence elements which suppress pitting corrosion such as molybdenum and nitrogen increase the resistance to SCC in neutral environments (Ref 13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effect of Nitrogen on Stress Corrosion Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steels Using Electrochemical Noise Technique

Toppo

Pujar

Mallika

et al. 2014

J. of Materi Eng and Perform

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Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) studies were conducted on austenitic stainless steels with two different nitrogen contents (0.07 and 0.22 wt.% N) in boiling acidified sodium chloride medium using constant load technique. Progress of SCC was monitored using electrochemical noise (EN) technique to understand the effect of nitrogen addition on SCC initiation and propagation. With increase in nitrogen content, the characteristic frequency of corrosion events, f n increased, whereas the characteristic charge, q decreased simultaneously indicating the increased stability of passive film resulting in higher resistance to SCC.

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“…All methods that reduce the effective stress inside the material may increase the time to failure, but do not render immunity, since SCC has been found to occur at very low stress levels 3,4 . The presence of a significant level of stress, either residual or applied, eventually results in SCC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application Limits of Stainless Steels in the Petroleum Industry

Oberndorfer¹,

Kaestenbauer²,

Thayer³

1999

Proceedings of SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition

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fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractStainless steels have a great variety of potential applications in the petroleum industry, mainly as an alternative to carbon steel in corrosive environments. Within a number of media that can cause corrosion problems with these materials, only chloride solutions and hydrogen sulfide are of importance in oilfield service.A reliable tool that permits the proper selection of stainless steels has yet been missing. In order to provide engineering diagrams for this purpose, pitting and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) tests were performed. Specimens were exposed to NaCl solutions containing from 3 to 100,000 ppm Clat temperatures from 40 to 200 °C. This test configuration was chosen to give a better representation of actual service conditions than accelerated standard test procedures do.Tested materials were the austenitic stainless steel grades 321, 316Ti (API LC30-1812) and 254 SMO, and 22Cr duplex (austenitic-ferritic) steel (API LC65-2205). Based on an optical examination of the specimens, no-risk regions of chloride concentration vs. temperature have been identified. Subsequently, service temperature limits have been deduced for each tested material.Thus, material failures by pitting and SCC can be prevented without overdesigning. The results of the testing series are applicable to all chloride environments without presence of H 2 S, as they have to be handled by primary production equipment, as well as transportation and gas processing facilities.

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The stress corrosion resistance of non magnetic stainless steels used in oil exploration

Cited by 7 publications

References 3 publications

Elucidating Nucleation Stages of Transgranular Stress Corrosion Cracking in Austenitic Stainless Steel by In Situ Electrochemical and Optical Methods

Elucidating Nucleation Stages of Transgranular Stress Corrosion Cracking in Austenitic Stainless Steel by In Situ Electrochemical and Optical Methods

Effect of Nitrogen on Stress Corrosion Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steels Using Electrochemical Noise Technique

Application Limits of Stainless Steels in the Petroleum Industry

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