The strength of human compact bone as revealed by engineering technics

Evans, F. Gaynor; Lebow, Milton

doi:10.1016/0002-9610(52)90265-1

Cited by 75 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…and maintained in a wet condition, (16) were placed horizontally with the anterior aspect facing down on two supports separated by a constant 13 mm distance ( L ) and equidistant from the ends. They were then centrally loaded at a constant low strain rate (10 N/minute) until fracture (three-point bending test), as described else-~h e r e .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interrelationships between densitometric, geometric, and mechanical properties of rat femora: Inferences concerning mechanical regulation of bone modeling

Ferretti

Capozza

Mondelo³

et al. 1993

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

157

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A compensation for differences in bone material quality by bone geometric properties in femora from two different strains of rats was previously shown by us. A feedback mechanism controlling the mechanical properties of the integrated bones was then proposed, in accordance with Frost's mechanostat theory. Evidence of such a system is now offered by the finding of a negative correlation between the modeling-dependent cross-sectional architecture (moment of inertia) and the mineral-dependent stiffness (elastic modulus) of bone material in the femoral diaphyses of 45 normal Wistar rats of different sexes, ages, and sizes. The strength and stiffness of the integrated diaphyses were found to depend on both cross-sectional inertia and body weight, not on bone mineral density. These findings are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that the architectural efficiency of diaphyseal cross-sectional design resulting from the spatial orientation of bone modeling during growth is optimized as a function of the body weight-dependent bone strain history, within the constraints imposed by bone stiffness. Results suggest a modulating role of biomass, related to the system set point determination, and explain the usually observed lack of a direct correlation between mineral density and strength or stiffness of long bones in studies of geometrically inhomogeneous populations.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interrelationships between densitometric, geometric, and mechanical properties of rat femora: Inferences concerning mechanical regulation of bone modeling

Ferretti

Capozza

Mondelo³

et al. 1993

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

157

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although largely descriptive, most of these also included discussions of the functional implications of observed variations, and in some cases were more explicitly mechanical in nature (Schultz, ). The latter paper, in fact, cites results of an early study by Evans and Lebow () on material properties of compact bone. The important contributions of F. Gaynor Evans to physical anthropology in the middle portion of the twentieth century are discussed below.…”

Section: Early Years (1918–1939)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional morphology in the pages of the AJPA

Ruff

2018

American J Phys Anthropol

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“…In order to quantify them, we extend the hierarchical scheme depicted in Figure 5 to the realm of elastoplasticity, extending earlier work published in [34]. There, the liquid crystal-type water interfaces between the mineral crystals and/or crystal clusters in the extrafibrillar space [see Figure 5(c)] have been identified as the major nanoscopic origin of bone elastoplasticity, both from the high interaction energies between water and hydroxyapatite as evidenced by several molecular dynamics and nuclear magnetic resonance studies [87][88][89][90][91], and more importantly, by successfully predicting, based on experimentally obtained upscaling mineral and collagen strengths [92][93][94], the macroscopic strengths of different types of bone [95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112]. Such successful representations of bone microstructure for mechanical property predictions, which do not resolve the material up to the highest resolution ever possible, but rather focus on reliable consideration of the mechanically most important micromorphological features, have not only been developed in the framework of continuum micromechanics or random homogenization theory, but also in alternative theoretical frames, such as that of lattice models [113].…”

Section: Linear Finite Element Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patient‐specific fracture risk assessment of vertebrae: A multiscale approach coupling X‐ray physics and continuum micromechanics

Blanchard

Morin

Malandrino

et al. 2016

Numer Methods Biomed Eng

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While in clinical settings, bone mineral density measured by computed tomography (CT) remains the key indicator for bone fracture risk, there is an ongoing quest for more engineering mechanics-based approaches for safety analyses of the skeleton. This calls for determination of suitable material properties from respective CT data, where the traditional approach consists of regression analyses between attenuation-related grey values and mechanical properties. We here present a physics-oriented approach, considering that elasticity and strength of bone tissue originate from the material microstructure and the mechanical properties of its elementary components. Firstly, we reconstruct the linear relation between the clinically accessible grey values making up a CT, and the X-ray attenuation coefficients quantifying the intensity losses from which the image is actually reconstructed. Therefore, we combine X-ray attenuation averaging at different length scales and over different tissues, with recently identified 'universal' composition characteristics of the latter. This gives access to both the normally non-disclosed X-ray energy employed in the CT-device and to in vivo patient-specific and location-specific bone composition variables, such as voxel-specific mass density, as well as collagen and mineral contents. The latter feed an experimentally validated multiscale elastoplastic model based on the hierarchical organization of bone. Corresponding elasticity maps across the organ enter a finite element simulation of a typical load case, and the resulting stress states are increased in a proportional fashion, so as to check the safety against ultimate material failure. In the young patient investigated, even normal physiological loading is probable to already imply plastic events associated with the hydrated mineral crystals in the bone ultrastructure, while the safety factor against failure is still as high as five. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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The strength of human compact bone as revealed by engineering technics

Cited by 75 publications

References 2 publications

Interrelationships between densitometric, geometric, and mechanical properties of rat femora: Inferences concerning mechanical regulation of bone modeling

Interrelationships between densitometric, geometric, and mechanical properties of rat femora: Inferences concerning mechanical regulation of bone modeling

Functional morphology in the pages of the AJPA

Patient‐specific fracture risk assessment of vertebrae: A multiscale approach coupling X‐ray physics and continuum micromechanics

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