The stratigraphy of the glacial deposits of East Anglia in relation to Early Man

The Glacial Sequence in the North of England

“…Again, the retreat phenomena of Episode 4 have been traced back from the Cleveland Hills by a series of outwash gravels and overflows northwards through County Durham to the Tyne by Woolacott, Trechmann, and Herdman. 3 1 It may be remarked that whilst Woolacott in " print " adopted the attitude that the interval-deposits did not necessarily indicate Interglacial Periods because of the monoglacial theory then prevailing, nevertheless he indicated to one of us that he considered the four boulder-clays to represent distinct glaciations-an interpretation with which we are in complete agreement. Trechmann considers (21) that the interval deposits between Episodes 3 and 4 and Episodes 1 and 2 represent Interglacial Periods.…”

Chalk micropalaeontology and the provenancing of middle pleistocene lowestoft formation till in eastern England

“…Wood, 1870). This concept was eventually abandoned as the 'layer-cake' appearance of the till, which consistently exhibits a dark grey lower unit under a lighter, yellowish-brown unit, was described and ascribed to multiple glaciations (Boswell, 1931;Baden-Powell, 1948;West and Donner, 1956;Allen et al, 1991, table 18). These glacial events became known as the Lowestoft and Gipping Glaciations ( Figure 1a) and were later correlated with the Anglian (Elsterian) and 'Wolstonian' (Saalian) Stages, respectively (Mitchell et al, 1973).…”

“…Although the classic duplex appearance of the LFt, with a lower, dark grey unit and an upper yellowishbrown unit, has been noted in East Anglia for many years (Boswell, 1931;Baden-Powell, 1948;West and Donner, 1956;Whiteman, 1987;Allen et al, 1991) and is now recognized even more widely across the eastern England region (Fish, 2000), its regional till stratigraphy is actually more complex ( Table I). The lower dark till unit is often underlain by, or partially interbedded with, a glacitectonite unit (Whiteman, 1983(Whiteman, , 1987Hart et al, 1990).…”

European and Northwest African Middle Pleistocene Hominids

“…'0 attempt has been made to offer a correlation with the still in· adequately known earlier glaciations of the Alpine region. The complex nature of the post·Villafranchian but pre-Great Interglacial stratigraphy is especially to be noted (d. Boswell 1931Boswell , 1936King 1955)_ Prior to the well·defined and distinctive Hoxnian (= Need ian) interglacial stage, there were at least two warmer phases, the earlier represented by the well-knmvn Cromer Forest Bed (Norfolk) (Sainty 1929;Boswell 1958), and the later by the fossiliferous marine sands of the Corton Beds (Baden-Powell and Moir 1942); the lat ter might represent only an interstadial, although the series cover an interval of erosion, weathering, and marine transgression. The industry of the old Caver sham channel, containing a high proportion of Abbe villian and early Acheulean types, was tentatively re ferred to this stage (Treacher et al 1948), but Wool dridge (1957 agreed that it might be slightly later, and Oakley (in \Vest and Donner 1956: discussion) now con siders that it is unquestionably no earlier than Great InterglaciaL The Forest Bed series is distinct from the Hoxnian, both on faunal (Newton 1882;Osborn 1922;Azzaroli 1951) 2 and floral (Reid 1890;Reid and Reid 1908;Thomson in Woldstedt 1949;Rein 1955) grounds, and is generally agreed to represent a full "interglacial stage."…”