The stratigraphy and structure of the Galley Head culmination zone: An area of enhanced shortening related to basin geometry within the Irish Variscides

Abstract

In* southwest Ireland an Upper Devonian to Lower Carboniferous clastic succession was deposited in an ENE-WSW trending half-graben, known as the South Munster Basin. Across the Galley Head peninsula on the south coast, this stratigraphical succession is attenuated due to the presence of a palaeogeographical feature called the Glandore High. Evidence suggests that the Glandore High was an east-west feature, faulted to the north and east, which was part of the southern flank (hangingwall rollover) of the South Munster Basin.During post-Carboniferous Variscan deformation the relatively thin stratigraphy of Galley Head underwent prolonged folding, causing a local periclinal fold pair to develop within the hinge zone of a regional syncline. The main cleavage then developed parallel to bedding on the overturned south limb of the anticline of this fold pair. The local enhanced shortening caused the development of a structural culmination, and south facing, tight to isoclinal folds. The culmination was enhanced and tightened by a fault system of contractional, strike-parallel faults linked by cross faults. Secondary folds occur across the hinges of regional anticlines and also on major fold limbs as isolated fold pairs and in monoclinal fold zones, some of which may have nucleated on irregular sandstone bodies. Local crenulation cleavages are related to late fault movements. Syn-cleavage, conjugate, wrench faults record 10 per cent to 15 per cent strike-parallel extension in the culmination.The deformation chronology of the Galley Head area is somewhat anomalous for the Irish Variscides in that the folds were well established before the onset of the main cleavage development. The enhanced shortening across the area was compartmentalized by major cross faults and a minor component of north-south sinistral shear was also active across the area causing a swing in strike and a late set of minor cross faults.Structural facing directions in southwest Ireland appear to be directly linked with the geometry of the deformed basins. Hence the southward facing along the south coast is due to the proximity of the southern margin of the South Munster Basin. Structural facing directions fan northwards across the basin and major folds are overturned to the north at the northern margin of the basin.

Grain-scale deformation in the Palaeoproterozoic Dongargarh Supergroup, central India: implications for shallow crustal deformation mechanisms from microstructural analysis

“…The welldeveloped cleavage refraction pattern and dominantly axial planar nature of the cleavage (S 1 ) implies that the folds and cleavage are genetically linked and have resulted from buckling (Ramberg, 1963;Ghosh, 1993, p. 271). However, lack of detectable cleavage fanning suggests their late development in the sequence after sufficient buckle shortening and limb dips have been attained (Mitra & Elliott, 1980;Ford, 1990).…”

The evolution of a thick shallow marine succession, the South Munster Basin, Ireland

“…, 1984, 1986; Ford, 1987; Meere, 1995); this was accommodated mainly within large‐scale gently plunging folds with an associated axial planar cleavage (Capewell, 1957a,b; Walsh, 1968; Reilly & Graham, 1972, 1976; Graham & Reilly, 1976; Naylor, 1978; Cooper et al. , 1984, 1986; Phillips, 1985; Ford, 1990; Bresser & Hilgers, 1996). Localized steeper fold plunges may have been associated with extensional geometry (Graham & Reilly, 1976; Bamford & Ford, 1990; Ford, 1990).…”

“…, 1984, 1986; Phillips, 1985; Ford, 1990; Bresser & Hilgers, 1996). Localized steeper fold plunges may have been associated with extensional geometry (Graham & Reilly, 1976; Bamford & Ford, 1990; Ford, 1990).…”