The Storegga slide: evaluation of triggering sources and slide mechanics

Kvalstad, Tore J.; Andresen, Lars; Forsberg, Carl Fredrik; Berg, K.; Bryn, Petter; Wangen, Magnus

doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.10.019

Cited by 297 publications

(151 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Generally a large displacement-strain is required to reach the remoulded condition; however, in most typical laboratory tests such large strains cannot be applied. For example, in the comprehensive experimental study during the Ormen Lange development project ( Kvalstad et al 2005a) and also in other studies (e.g., Lunne et al 2006), mostly direct simple shear (DSS) and triaxial tests were conducted where shear strains of the order of 20% could be applied. However, in submarine landslides, shear strains in the failure plane could be significantly higher than 20%, and s u of marine-glaciomarine clays generally decreases with strain even above 20%.…”

Section: Modeling Of Post-peak Shear Strength Degradation Of Sensitivmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The failure occurred through the marine-glacimarine sensitive clay layers. Over the last decades the focus on mapping and characterization of weak layers has increased significantly Kvalstad et al 2005a;L'Heureux et al 2010L'Heureux et al , 2012Locat et al 2014). Locat et al (2014) discussed the formation and role of weak layers on submarine landslides and highlighted that the strain-softening behaviour of a weak layer could be the cause of many large-scale progressive failures in mild submarine slopes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Limit equilibrium analyses have been used for stability assessment of submarine slopes (e.g., Karlsrud and Edgers 1982;Lee and Edwards 1986;Hampton et al 1996;Lee and Baraza 1999;Leynaud et al 2004;Kvalstad et al 2005a;). While some of the researchers used computer programs, such as Slope/W, to accommodate complex geometry and soil profiles, a large number of studies simply assumed infinite slope conditions (Almagor and Wiseman 1991;Mello and Pratson 1999;Dimakis et al 2000;Leynaud et al 2004;Kvalstad et al 2005b;Nixon and Grozic 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling of large-deformation behaviour of marine sensitive clays and its application to submarine slope stability analysis

et al. 2016

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Post-slide investigations suggest that many large-scale submarine landslides occur through marine sensitive clay layers. A nonlinear mathematical model for post-peak degradation of undrained shear strength of sensitive clay is proposed based on experimental results. A method for estimation of model parameters is presented. Incorporating the model, an analytical solution is developed to examine possible mechanisms of large-scale submarine landslides. Analyses are performed for mild infinite slopes where the failure initiates from a "fully weakened zone" of soil having undrained shear strength lower than the shear stress acting parallel to the slope. The driving force, in excess of resistance, generated from the fully weakened zone is then transferred to the surrounding soil elements resulting in shear band formation due to strain-softening behaviour of sensitive clays. When the length of the fully weakened zone is greater than a critical length, catastrophic shear band propagation (self-driven without any additional external force) occurs, which could result in large-scale offshore landslides. A simple design chart is developed to calculate the critical length. Compared with a 2005 study by Puzrin and Germanovich based on a linear post-peak shear strength degradation model, the present study gives a conservative estimation of critical length for catastrophic shear band propagation.Key words: sensitive clay, large deformation, submarine landslides, shear band, undrained shear strength.Résumé : Les enquêtes post-glissement de terrain suggèrent que de nombreux glissements de terrain sous-marin à grande échelle se produisent à travers les couches d'argiles marines sensibles. Un modèle mathématique non linéaire de la dégradation post-pic de la résistance au cisaillement non drainée de l'argile sensible est proposé sur la base de résultats expérimentaux. Une méthode d'estimation de paramètres du modèle est présentée. Incorporant le modèle, une solution analytique est développée pour examiner les mécanismes possibles de glissements de terrain sous-marin à grande échelle. Les analyses sont effectuées pour des pentes infinies douces où l'échec est entamé à partir d'une « zone totalement affaiblie » du sol ayant une résistance au cisaillement non drainé inférieure à la contrainte de cisaillement agissant parallèlement à la pente. La force d'entraînement, au-delà de la résistance, générée à partir de la zone entièrement affaiblie est transférée aux éléments de sol environnant aboutissant en la formation de bandes de cisaillement en raison du comportement d'adoucissement à la déformation des argiles sensibles. Lorsque la longueur de la zone entièrement affaiblie est supérieure à une longueur critique, une propagation d'une bande de cisaillement catastrophique (auto-conduit sans aucune force externe supplémentaire) se produit qui pourrait entraîner des glissements de terrain en mer à grande échelle. Un graphique de conception simple est développé pour calculer la longueur critique. Par rapport à une étude réalisée e...

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Section: Modeling Of Post-peak Shear Strength Degradation Of Sensitivmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling of large-deformation behaviour of marine sensitive clays and its application to submarine slope stability analysis

et al. 2016

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“…The Storegga Slide on the continental slope off Western Norway around 8150 yr BP is one of the largest and best-studied submarine landslides on Earth (Bugge et al, 1987(Bugge et al, , 1988Haflidason et al, 2004;Bryn et al, 2005;Kvalstad et al, 2005). The landslide comprised a volume of about 2400 km 3 .…”

Section: The Storegga Submarine Landslidementioning

confidence: 99%

Dispersion of tsunamis: does it really matter?

Glimsdal

Pedersen

Harbitz

et al. 2013

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

181

131

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Abstract. This article focuses on the effect of dispersion in the field of tsunami modeling. Frequency dispersion in the linear long-wave limit is first briefly discussed from a theoretical point of view. A single parameter, denoted as "dispersion time", for the integrated effect of frequency dispersion is identified. This parameter depends on the wavelength, the water depth during propagation, and the propagation distance or time. Also the role of long-time asymptotes is discussed in this context. The wave generation by the two main tsunami sources, namely earthquakes and landslides, are briefly discussed with formulas for the surface response to the bottom sources. Dispersive effects are then exemplified through a semi-idealized study of a moderate-strength inverse thrust fault. Emphasis is put on the directivity, the role of the "dispersion time", the significance of the Boussinesq model employed (dispersive effect), and the effects of the transfer from bottom sources to initial surface elevation. Finally, the experience from a series of case studies, including earthquake- and landslide-generated tsunamis, is presented. The examples are taken from both historical (e.g. the 2011 Japan tsunami and the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami) and potential tsunamis (e.g. the tsunami after the potential La Palma volcanic flank collapse). Attention is mainly given to the role of dispersion during propagation in the deep ocean and the way the accumulation of this effect relates to the "dispersion time". It turns out that this parameter is useful as a first indication as to when frequency dispersion is important, even though ambiguity with respect to the definition of the wavelength may be a problem for complex cases. Tsunamis from most landslides and moderate earthquakes tend to display dispersive behavior, at least in some directions. On the other hand, for the mega events of the last decade dispersion during deep water propagation is mostly noticeable for transoceanic propagation.

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“…In fjords, rapid deposition of organic matter-rich sediment on fjordhead deltas also leads to high pore pressures and gas-rich sediment, resulting in sediment that is sensitive to cyclic loading from storms and earthquake shock. Recent studies from the Gulf of Mexico (Dugan & Stigall 2009) and Storegga (Kvalstad et al 2005) show that high pore pressures resulting from rapid sedimentation can precondition SMFs, but an external instantaneous trigger, such as an glacioisostatic earthquake or salt movement, is still required. Thus the sediment preconditioning is climate related, although triggering may be mainly from another source.…”

Section: (A) Temporal Relationships Between Climate Change and Smfsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Submarine mass failures as tsunami sources: their climate control

Tappin

2010

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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Recent research on submarine mass failures (SMFs) shows that they are a source of hazardous tsunamis, with the tsunami magnitude mainly dependent on water depth of failure, SMF volume and failure mechanism, cohesive slump or fragmental landslide. A major control on the mechanism of SMFs is the sediment type, together with its post-depositional alteration. The type of sediment, fine- or coarse-grained, its rate of deposition together with post-depositional processes may all be influenced by climate. Post-depositional processes, termed sediment ‘preconditioning’, are known to promote instability and failure. Climate may also control the triggering of SMFs, for example through earthquake loading or cyclic loading from storm waves or tides. Instantaneous triggering by other mechanisms such as fluid overpressuring and hydrate instability is controversial, but is here considered unlikely. However, these mechanisms are known to promote sediment instability. SMFs occur in numerous environments, including the open continental shelf, submarine canyon/fan systems, fjords, active river deltas and convergent margins. In all these environments there is a latitudinal variation in the scale of SMFs. The database is limited, but the greatest climate influence appears to be in high latitudes where glacial/interglacial cyclicity has considerable control on sedimentation, preconditioning and triggering. Consideration of the different types of SMFs in the context of their climate controls provides additional insight into their potential hazard in sourcing tsunamis. For example, in the Atlantic, where SMFs are common, the tsunami hazard under the present-day climate may not be as great as their common occurrence suggests.

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The Storegga slide: evaluation of triggering sources and slide mechanics

Cited by 297 publications

References 11 publications

Modeling of large-deformation behaviour of marine sensitive clays and its application to submarine slope stability analysis

Modeling of large-deformation behaviour of marine sensitive clays and its application to submarine slope stability analysis

Dispersion of tsunamis: does it really matter?

Submarine mass failures as tsunami sources: their climate control

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