The Storegga Slide Complex; Repeated Large Scale Sliding in Response to Climatic Cyclicity

Bryn, Petter; Solheim, Anders; Berg, K.; Lien, R.; Forsberg, Carl Fredrik; Haflidason, Haflidi; Ottesen, Dag; Rise, Leif

doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0093-2_24

Cited by 80 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Prior to our expedition very little was known about the presence of this mass transport deposit, which is significantly larger than the well-known Storegga Slide of Norway (Bugge et al, 1988;Bryn et al, 2003). Coring during Expedition 355 now allows us to constrain the extent, timing, and volume generated by this large-scale catastrophic event with significant implications for geohazards on this and other margins.…”

Section: Decipher the Nature Of Basement Rocks In Laxmi Basin And Conmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pandey

Clift

Kulhanek

et al. 2015

International Ocean Discovery Program Preliminary Report

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The Indian (southwest) summer monsoon is one of the most intense climatic phenomena on Earth. Its long-term development has been linked to the growth of high topography in South and Central Asia. The Indian continental margin, adjoining the Arabian Sea, offers a unique opportunity to investigate tectonic-climatic interactions and the net impact of these processes on weathering and erosion of the western Himalaya. During International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 355, two sites (U1456 and U1457) were drilled in Laxmi Basin in the eastern Arabian Sea to document the coevolution of mountain building, weathering, erosion, and climate over a range of timescales. In addition, recovering basement from the eastern Arabian Sea provides constraints on the early rifting history of the western continental margin of India with special emphasis on continental breakup between India and the Seychelles and its relationship to the plume-related volcanism of the Deccan Plateau.Drilling and coring operations during Expedition 355 recovered sediment from Sites U1456 and U1457 in the Laxmi Basin, penetrating 1109.4 and 1108.6 m below seafloor (mbsf ), respectively. Drilling reached sediment dated to 13.5-17.7 Ma (late early to early middle Miocene) at Site U1456, although with a large hiatus between the lowermost sediment and overlying deposits dated to <10.9 Ma. At Site U1457, a much longer hiatus occurs near the base of the cored section, spanning from 10.9 to ~62 Ma. At both sites, hiatuses span ~8.2-9.2 and ~3.6-5.6 Ma, with a possible condensed section spanning ~2.0-2.6 Ma, although the total duration for each hiatus is slightly different between the two sites.A major submarine fan draining the western Himalaya and Karakoram must have been supplying sediment to the eastern Arabian Sea since at least ~17 Ma. Sand mineral assemblages indicate that the Greater Himalayan Crystalline Sequence was fully exposed to the surface by this time. Most of the recovered sediment appears to be derived from the Indus River and includes minerals that are unique to the Indus Suture Zone, in particular glaucophane and hypersthene, most likely originating from the structural base of the Kohistan arc. Pliocene sandy intervals at Site U1456 were deposited in lower fan "sheet lobe" settings, with intervals of basin plain turbidites separated by hemipelagic muddy sections deposited during the Miocene. Site U1457 is more distal in facies, reflecting its more marginal setting. No major active lobe appears to have affected the Laxmi Basin since the Middle Pleistocene (~1.2 Ma).We succeeded in recovering sections spanning the 8 Ma climatic transition, when monsoon intensity is believed to have changed strongly, although the nature of this change awaits postcruise analysis. We also recovered sediment from a large mass transport deposit measuring ~330 and ~190 m thick at Sites U1456 and U1457, respectively. This section includes an upper sequence of slump-folded muddy and silty rocks, as well as underlying calcarenites and limestone breccias, to...

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Section: Decipher the Nature Of Basement Rocks In Laxmi Basin And Conmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

Pandey

Clift

Kulhanek

et al. 2015

International Ocean Discovery Program Preliminary Report

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“…Although it is extremely difficult to link hydrates directly to these geological slope failures, one such event is the Cape Fear slide, on the US Atlantic margin, for which methane hydrates, along with salt diapirism, are believed to have played a significant role (Hornbach et al 2007). One of the most famous submarine slope failures in which gas hydrates are implicated is the Storegga slide off Norway, which has a known volume of 3000 km 3 and occurred about 8100 years ago (Bouriak et al 2000;Bryn et al 2003;Haflidason et al 2004Haflidason et al , 2005. This slide is known to have produced a tsunami impacting Norway, the Faeroes, Scotland and Northern England with a run-up of up to 20 m (Bondevik et al 2005).…”

Section: (C) Catastrophic Submarine Slope Failuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas hydrates: past and future geohazard?

Maslin

Owen

Betts

et al. 2010

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

226

149

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Gas hydrates are ice-like deposits containing a mixture of water and gas; the most common gas is methane. Gas hydrates are stable under high pressures and relatively low temperatures and are found underneath the oceans and in permafrost regions. Estimates range from 500 to 10 000 giga tonnes of carbon (best current estimate 1600-2000 GtC) stored in ocean sediments and 400 GtC in Arctic permafrost. Gas hydrates may pose a serious geohazard in the near future owing to the adverse effects of global warming on the stability of gas hydrate deposits both in ocean sediments and in permafrost. It is still unknown whether future ocean warming could lead to significant methane release, as thermal penetration of marine sediments to the clathrate-gas interface could be slow enough to allow a new equilibrium to occur without any gas escaping. Even if methane gas does escape, it is still unclear how much of this could be oxidized in the overlying ocean. Models of the global inventory of hydrates and trapped methane bubbles suggest that a global 3• C warming could release between 35 and 940 GtC, which could add up to an additional 0.5• C to global warming. The destabilization of gas hydrate reserves in permafrost areas is more certain as climate models predict that high-latitude regions will be disproportionately affected by global warming with temperature increases of over 12• C predicted for much of North America and Northern Asia. Our current estimates of gas hydrate storage in the Arctic region are, however, extremely poor and non-existent for Antarctica. The shrinking of both the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets in response to regional warming may also lead to destabilization of gas hydrates. As ice sheets shrink, the weight removed allows the coastal region and adjacent continental slope to rise through isostacy. This removal of hydrostatic pressure could destabilize gas hydrates, leading to massive slope failure, and may increase the risk of tsunamis.

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“…Owing to rapid sedimentation, some of these layers contain excess pore pressures. The resulting weak layers provide a plane along which failure can occur, although the failures are still probably triggered by earthquakes (Bryn et al, 2003;Canals, 2004). Large failures have occurred at the site of the Storegga Slide at semi-regular intervals over the past 500 kyr, but the most recent large failure occurred 8200 yr ago.…”

Section: The Open Continental Slopementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such a mechanism for producing the Storegga slide is still being debated. Another mechanism for triggering the slide is rapid sediment accumulation during peak glaciation, followed by earthquake loading due to post-glacial isostatic rebound (Bryn et al, 2003).…”

Section: Gas and Gas Hydratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Submarine Mass Movements on Continental Margins

Lee

Locat

Desgagnés

et al. 2007

Continental Margin Sedimentation

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Submarine landslides can be important mechanisms for transporting sediment down sloping seabeds. They occur when stresses acting downslope exceed the available strength of the seabed sediments. Landslides occur preferentially in particular environments, including fjords, active river deltas, submarine canyons, volcanic islands and, to a lesser extent, the open continental slope. Evaluating the relative stability of different seabeds requires an understanding of driving stresses and sediment strength. Stresses can be caused by gravity, earthquakes and storm waves. Resisting strength can be reduced by pore water and gas pressures, groundwater seepage, rapid sediment deposition, cyclic loading and human activity. Once slopes have become unstable or have failed, strength may continue to decrease, leading to sediment debris flows and possibly turbidity currents. Recent submarine landslide research has: shown that landslides and sediment waves may generate similar deposits, which require careful interpretation; expanded our knowledge of how strength develops in marine sediment; improved techniques for predicting sediment rheology; and developed methodologies for mapping and predicting the medium-to large-scale regional occurrence of submarine landslides.

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The Storegga Slide Complex; Repeated Large Scale Sliding in Response to Climatic Cyclicity

Cited by 80 publications

References 9 publications

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Gas hydrates: past and future geohazard?

Submarine Mass Movements on Continental Margins

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