The Stomatopod Dactyl Club: A Formidable Damage-Tolerant Biological Hammer

Weaver, James C.; Milliron, Garrett; Miserez, Ali; Evans‐Lutterodt, K.; Herrera, Steven; Gallana, Isaías; Mershon, William; Swanson, Brook O.; Zavattieri, Pablo; DiMasi, Elaine; Kisailus, David

doi:10.1126/science.1218764

Cited by 695 publications

(736 citation statements)

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“…The impacting surface of the smashing mantis shrimp species, the dactyl club, changes in structure from an inner bulk area of chitin fibers to an outer, heavily calcified surface, with the highest degree of crystallinity at the impact surface (Fig. 29b) [204,205]. The bulk area primarily contains amorphous calcium carbonate that transitions to amorphous calcium phosphate [205,206] and then ultimately a hypermineralized fluorapatite with calcium phosphate at the surface [204].…”

Section: Mantis Shrimp Dactyl Clubmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…29b) [204,205]. The bulk area primarily contains amorphous calcium carbonate that transitions to amorphous calcium phosphate [205,206] and then ultimately a hypermineralized fluorapatite with calcium phosphate at the surface [204]. These changes in crystallinity and mineral result in increasing stiffness and hardness toward the impact surface, with hardness six times greater in the impact region [204][205][206].…”

Section: Mantis Shrimp Dactyl Clubmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar to other regions of cuticle, the impact region is toughened with chitin that absorbs energy and limits crack propagation. In the dactyl club, cracks typically nucleate in the bulk region and are deflected in the impact region due to a modulus mismatch, which contains cracks mostly within the bulk region [205]. In this region, cracks propagate in a helicoidal pattern, creating a larger crack surface area, and are stopped quickly when traversing the helicoid trajectory by an oscillation in stiffness [205].…”

Section: Mantis Shrimp Dactyl Clubmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the dactyl club, cracks typically nucleate in the bulk region and are deflected in the impact region due to a modulus mismatch, which contains cracks mostly within the bulk region [205]. In this region, cracks propagate in a helicoidal pattern, creating a larger crack surface area, and are stopped quickly when traversing the helicoid trajectory by an oscillation in stiffness [205]. In addition, this structure has been shown to effectively disperse the stress pulse waves generated during impact [207].…”

Section: Mantis Shrimp Dactyl Clubmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structure and mechanical properties of selected protective systems in marine organisms

Naleway

Taylor

Porter

et al. 2016

Materials Science and Engineering: C

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Section: Mantis Shrimp Dactyl Clubmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mantis Shrimp Dactyl Clubmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mantis Shrimp Dactyl Clubmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mantis Shrimp Dactyl Clubmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structure and mechanical properties of selected protective systems in marine organisms

Naleway

Taylor

Porter

et al. 2016

Materials Science and Engineering: C

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“…This is due not only to the mechanical anisotropy of the chitinous fibers, but also due to the high degree of crystallographic texturing of the apatite mineral phase. [18,27] The herringbone structure observed in the bulk of the impact region transitions ( Figure 2F) to densely packed nanoparticles (with an average diameter of 64 ± 12 nm) with pore canal tubules persisting to the club surface.We subsequently utilized transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to interrogate the nanostructural and crystallographic features of both the impact region and surface ( Figure 3). Inspection of the impact surface ( Figure 3A) confirms the observed nanoparticle morphology and array of pore canal tubules.…”

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confidence: 98%

A Sinusoidally Architected Helicoidal Biocomposite

et al. 2016

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A fibrous herringbone-modified helicoidal architecture is identified within the exocuticle of an impact-resistant crustacean appendage. This previously unreported composite microstructure, which features highly textured apatite mineral templated by an alpha-chitin matrix, provides enhanced stress redistribution and energy absorption over the traditional helicoidal design under compressive loading. Nanoscale toughening mechanisms are also identified using high load nanoindentation and in-situ TEM picoindentation. A Sinusoidally-Architected Helicoidal BiocompositeBy Nicholas A. Yaraghi, Nicolás Guarín-Zapata, Lessa K. Grunenfelder, Eric Hintsala, Sanjit Bhowmick, Jon M. Hiller, Mark Betts, Edward L. Principe, Jae-Young Jung, Leigh Sheppard, Richard Wuhrer, Joanna McKittrick, Pablo D. Zavattieri Keywords: (Composites, Toughness, Impact, Biomineral, Ultrastructure) Submitted to 3 Biologically mineralized composites offer inspiration for the design of next generation structural materials due to their low density, high strength and toughness currently unmatched by engineering technologies. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Such properties are based on the ability for the organism to utilize structural organics and acidic proteins to guide and control the mineralization process to yield hierarchical architectures with well-defined compositional gradients.One notable example is the highly developed raptorial appendage, or dactyl, of the stomatopods, a group of aggressive marine crustaceans that use these structures for feeding upon hard-shelled and soft-bodied prey. [10][11][12][13][14] The dactyls of the "smashers", those that feed primarily on hard-shelled prey, (see Figure 1A) takes the form of a bulbous club ( Figure 1B), which is used to smash through mollusk shells, crab exoskeletons, and other tough mineralized structures with tremendous force and speed. [11][12][13][14][15][16] Achieving accelerations over 10,000g and reaching speeds of 23 m/s from rest, the dactyl strike is recognized as one of the fastest and most powerful impacting events observed in Nature. [11,12] The club is capable of delivering and subsequently enduring repetitive impact forces up to 1500 N and cavitation stresses without catastrophically failing, demonstrating its utility as an exceptionally damage-tolerant natural material.The origins of such a mechanical response lie in the structural design. Previous work identified the club as a multi-regional composite material containing an organic matrix composed of alpha-chitin fibers mineralized by amorphous forms of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate as well as crystalline apatite. [17,18] These investigations revealed mechanisms responsible for providing damage-tolerance and impact-resistance to the club, which were largely attributed to the interior of the club (periodic region), identified as the primary energy-absorbing layer. [17,18] The combination of soft polymeric nanofibers and stiffer mineral provides a periodic modulus mismatch leading to crack deflection, which in co...

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Crustacea (Crustaceans)

Blackstone¹

2012

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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The Crustacea is a subphylum of arthropods defined by the nauplius larva, two pairs of antennae and biramous (‘two branched’) second antennae. Other limbs are biramous as well, and the body includes an abdomen, a thorax and a five‐segmented head. Mandibles and other specialised feeding appendages are present. The gut is lined with a cuticle that is molted along with the exoskeleton. A haemocoel and a dorsal, ostiate heart are present. Nephridial excretory organs may be specialised as antennal or maxillary glands. Crustaceans exhibit an incredible diversity and abundance, ranging from tiny planktonic or interstitial forms less than a millimetre in length to much larger forms, including shrimp, lobsters and crabs. An abundant fossil record is found, extending back to the Burgess Shale. Crustacean phylogeny has recently been roiled by the ‘pancrustacean hypothesis’: insects and crustaceans form one large clade. As traditionally viewed, crustaceans are thus very likely paraphyletic. Key Concepts: Crustaceans share several derived features: the nauplius larva, two pairs of antennae and biramous (‘two branched’) second antennae. Crustaceans exhibit an abdomen, a thorax and a five‐segmented head. Crustaceans have mandibles and other specialised feeding appendages. Molting is necessary for crustacean growth and includes the cuticle‐lined gut. Excretory organs may be specialised as antennal or maxillary glands. Crustaceans exhibit an incredible diversity and abundance. Crustaceans range from tiny planktonic or interstitial forms less than a millimetre in length to much larger and often commercially valuable forms such as shrimp, lobsters and crabs. The crustacean fossil record extends back to the Burgess Shale. Crustaceans and insects form one large clade, the pancrustaceans. As traditionally viewed, crustaceans are paraphyletic.

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The Stomatopod Dactyl Club: A Formidable Damage-Tolerant Biological Hammer

Cited by 695 publications

References 34 publications

Structure and mechanical properties of selected protective systems in marine organisms

Structure and mechanical properties of selected protective systems in marine organisms

A Sinusoidally Architected Helicoidal Biocomposite

Crustacea (Crustaceans)

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